Вариант 1

THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN GREAT BRITAIN

The legal profession in England is divided into two main groups, barris­ters and solicitors. A popular definition of the distinction between solicitors and barristers is that barristers do the court work and solicitors do the office work. In practice, the major volume of court work is done by solicitors and barristers do much "office" work. At present no solicitor, however experi­enced, may represent a client at a full hearing in any of the higher courts. On the other hand, a barrister, however inexperienced, may represent clients in the House of Lords. . Since 1 October 2009 this role is now held by the newly created Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. 

Being a solicitor does not simply involve acquiring knowledge of the theory and practice of the law. It also requires high standards of conduct and an onerous obligation to the courts. The full title of a solicitor is "Solicitor of the Supreme Court". All solicitors are automatically officers of the court. They have duties to the court which sometimes override the duties to their clients. For instance, solicitors must not knowingly allow their client to tell lies in the witness box. If a client confesses their guilt to a solicitor, the so­licitor would be committing an offence if he or she then called the client to give evidence that they were innocent.

Many barristers, especially junior barristers, spend much of their time on paperwork, giving opinions, drafting pleadings and other documents related to court proceedings, but also drafting contracts, trust deeds and other formal legal documents which are not immediately connected with litigation.

A person seeking to qualify as a solicitor can become a trainee solicitor after three years of university legal education and one extra year doing the legal practice course. As a trainee solicitor it is possible to obtain a paid po­sition even before qualifying.

The young would-be barrister has much less chance of earning anything before he qualifies, must then obtain a seat in chambers from which he can try to build up a practice, knowing that times will probably be hard for a few years. He has to meet his own expenses, cover his own holidays and buy his own (very expensive) sick-pay insurance. In return he gets the sat­isfaction of wearing a wig, and of being self-employed. Doubtless also, being a barrister still sounds a much more glamorous occupation than being a solicitor.

Notes:

legal profession – юридическая профессия

barrister – адвокат, выступающий в суде

solicitor – поверенный

to do the court work – выполнять работу в суде

to do the office work – выполнять работу в конторе

to represent a client at full hearing – представлять клиента на полном слушании

acquiring  knowledge of the theory and practice – приобретение знаний по теории и практике

onerous – обременительный

officer of the court – судебный исполнитель

to have duties to the court – иметь обязательства перед судом

to override – превышать

witness box – место для дачи свидетельских показаний

to confess a guilt – признать вину

offence – правонарушение

to give evidence – давать свидетельские показания

innocent – невиновный

to draft – составлять проект

pleadings – состязательные бумаги, которыми обмениваются стороны на предварительной стадии судебного процесса

court proceedings – рассмотрение дела в суде

trust deed – акт учреждения доверительной собственности

legal documents – юридические документы

litigation – судебная тяжба

trainee – практикант

legal education (practice) – юридическое образование (практика)

сould-be barrister – стремящийся стать адвокатом

to obtain a seat in chambers – получить место в конторе

sick-pay – insurance оплата по болезни

to build up a practice – приобрести клиентуру

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст, используя примечания после текста и  методические рекомендации на стр. 4–10. Перепишите, письменно переведите  и подготовьте контрольное чтение абзацев 1, 2, 3.

II. Из последнего абзаца выпишите все ing-формы, определите, чем они являются, и дайте перевод.

III. Заполните пропуски в предложениях. Предварительно внимательно прочитайте определения следующих терминов.

legal, lawful, legitimate

Any action which is allowed by law is legal: It's legal for people over 18 to buy alcohol.

Legal also means "connected with the law": the legal profession.

Lawful means "existing according to law" and suggests that the law has moral or religious force: lawful marriage.

Legitimate means "accepted by law, custom or common belief ": the legitimate government

1. She is the................ owner of the property.

2. Is the procedure perfectly............. ?

3. The company intends to take........ action.

4. The Crown Prince has a.............. claim to the throne.

5. The defendant applied for........... aid.

6. Schooling is   a............ requirement for children over five years old in Britain and the USA.

7. He was attacked while going about his………… business.

IV. Соотнесите словосочетания и их английские эквиваленты

a) to carry a case

b) to bring a case

с) to drop a case

d) to close a case

e) to initiate a case

f. to argue a case

1) возбудить дело в суде

2) проводить судебное дело  

3) представить дело суду

4) прекратить дело

5) отказаться от иска, обвинения

V. Образуйте существительные от данных ниже глаголов и переведите их на русский язык.

To negotiate, to litigate, to engage, to oppose, to assess, to advise.

VI. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the main types of legal profession in Great Britain?

2. What duties to the client and to the court do solicitors have?

3. What kind of paper work do barristers do?

4. What is the usual way for solicitors and barristers to build up a practice?

VII. Прочитайте текст и изложите его содержание кратко по-русски.

TYPES OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIA

Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of ad­vocates –self-managed cooperative-type organizations. There are about nineteen thousand advocates in more than one hundred colleges. The highest body of advocates' self-management is the general meeting of a college. The presidium headed by the chairperson is the executive board of each college. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years.

Colleges of advocates are formed in accordance with territorial subdivi­sions – in the cities, regions (oblasts), republics or autonomous entities. In its territory any college is represented by law firms or legal aid offices, which render all regular legal assistance to citizens: advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation, and provide defense in criminal proceedings.

There are now more and more American-type law firms in Russia func­tioning separately from colleges of advocates and especially involved in representing private businesses.

Many lawyers are employed by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as in-house counsel (jurisconsult). These lawyers have all powers of an attorney, but they represent their single and permanent "client" – their respective organization. There are about twenty thousand of them in Russia, and in view of the economic reform this body is growing.

Of course, many in the legal profession teach or do academic research work. In Russia there are forty institutions of higher education in law (either a law school attached to a university or a separate entity called a "juridical institute"). New private law schools are popping up. There are also separate research centers in law, the most prominent of which is the Institute of State and Law under the Academy of Sciences of Russia.

college of advocates – коллегия адвокатов

self-managed cooperative type organization – независимая обще­ственная

организация

executive board – исполнительный комитет

legal aid offices – юридическая консультация

to render – предоставлять

in-house counsel – юрисконсульт

plaintiff – истец

defendant – ответчик

juridical – юридический

Вариант 2

THE AMERICAN LEGAL PROFESSION

The American legal profession, like American law, has it roots in England, but with significant differences. In England, the legal profession is divided between office lawyers, known as solicitors, and courtroom lawyers, known as barristers.

In the United States, there is no division of the profession, and a lawyer frequently does both office work and courtroom work. There is, however, a great deal of variety in the types of f work done by lawyers.

Attorney

Depending upon the circumstances and the needs of the client, the lawyer may be a counselor, a negotiator, and/or a litigator. In each of these roles, the lawyer will need to engage in factual investigation.

With respect to each of these roles, the lawyer will do the following:

Counselor: Attorney will help advise the client how to order the client's affairs.

Negotiator: Lawyer will work with opposing counsel to try to get a fa­vorable resolution for the client. The art of negotiation involves many tech­niques individual to particular attorneys and the circumstances. The client always retains the right to accept or reject a settlement negotiated or of­fered by the opposing party.

Litigator: In litigating, the attorney will help pick a jury and participate in pre-trial motions.

Fact Investigator: All of the lawyer's roles require the investigation of relevant facts, including locating and interviewing witnesses.

A lawyer is to be a zealous advocate of the client, in this respect the lawyer must advocate on the client's behalf and avoid conflicts of interest. The lawyer is also an officer of the court and is required to deal fairly and honestly with the court and with its other officers, including the lawyer's opponents.

Judge

The judge is the final arbiter of the law. The judge is charged with the duty to state, as a positive matter, what the law is. In addition, the judge is to maintain order in the courtroom.

Judges in federal courts are appointed by the President with the "advice and consent" of the Senate. Many state court judges are elected by popular vote.

Jury

The jury, a group of local citizens, is the fact-finder in most trials. The jury will receive instructions from the judge as to the law, and its members will assess the facts as they perceive them in light of the law, as instructed, to return a verdict.

Notes

attorney – поверенный

counselor – адвокат(США)

negotiator – посредник

litigator – сторона в судебном процессе

to engage in factual investigation – заниматься фактическим

расследованием

to order the client's affairs – приводить в порядок дела клиента

to get a favorable resolution – добиться благоприятного решения

the art of negotiation – искусство ведения переговоров

to retain the right – сохранять право

to accept – принимать

to reject – отклонять

motion – ходатайство

to locate – устанавливать местонахождение

to be charged with the duty – иметь обязательства

to maintain order – поддерживать порядок

to assess the facts – оценивать факты

to perceive – понимать, осознавать

in the light of the law – в свете закона

to return a verdict – вынести вердикт

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст, используя примечания после текста и методические рекомендации на стр.4–10. Перепишите, переведите и подготовьте контрольное чтение абзацев 1, 2, 3, 4.

II. Из всего текста выпишите все ing-формы и слова с окончанием -s, определите, чем они являются, и дайте перевод.

III. Заполните пропуски в предложениях. Предварительно внимательно прочитайте определения следующих терминов.

legal, lawful, legitimate

Any action which is allowed by law is legal: It's legal for people over 18 to buy alcohol.

Legal also means "connected with the law": the legal profession.

Lawful means "existing according to law" and suggests that the law has moral or religious force: lawful marriage.

Legitimate means "accepted by law, custom or common belief ": the legitimate government

1. She is the................. owner of the property.

2. Is the procedure perfectly.............. ?

3. The company intends to take......... action.

4. The Crown Prince has a............... claim to the throne.

5. The defendant applied for............ aid.

6. Schooling is   a............. requirement for children over five years old in Britain and the USA.

7. He was attacked while going about his ……….     business.

IV. Соотнесите словосочетания и их английские эквиваленты:

1)  возбудить дело в суде       a) to carry a case

2) обсуждать дело в суде        b) to bring a case

3)  проводить судебное дело  с) to drop a case

4) представить дело суду        d)  to close a case

5)  прекратить дело                 e)  to initiate a case

6) отказаться от иска,              f)  to argue a case

 обвинения 

V. Образуйте существительные от данных ниже глаголов и переведите их на русский язык.

To negotiate, to litigate, to engage, to oppose, to assess,  to advise

VI. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the main types of legal profession in Great Britain?

2. What duties to the client and to the court do solicitors have?

3. What kind of paper work do barristers do?

4. What is the usual way for solicitors and barristers to build up a practice?

VII. Прочитайте текст и изложите его содержание кратко по-русски.

TYPES OF LEGAL PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIA

Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of ad­vocates –self-managed cooperative-type organizations. There are about nineteen thousand advocates in more than one hundred colleges. The highest body of advocates' self-management is the general meeting of a college. The presidium headed by the chairperson is the executive board of each college. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years.

Colleges of advocates are formed in accordance with territorial subdivi­sions – in the cities, regions (oblasts), republics or autonomous entities. In its territory any college is represented by law firms or legal aid offices, which render all regular legal assistance to citizens: advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation, and provide defense in criminal proceedings.

There are now more and more American-type law firms in Russia func­tioning separately from colleges of advocates and especially involved in representing private businesses.

Many lawyers are employed by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as in-house counsel (jurisconsult). These lawyers have all powers of an attorney, but they represent their single and permanent "client" – their respective organization. There are about twenty thousand of them in Russia, and in view of the economic reform this body is growing.

Of course, many in the legal profession teach or do academic research work. In Russia there are forty institutions of higher education in law (either a law school attached to a university or a separate entity called a "juridical institute"). New private law schools are popping up. There are also separate research centers in law, the most prominent of which is the Institute of State and Law under the Academy of Sciences of Russia.

college of advocates – коллегия адвокатов

self-managed cooperative type organization – независимая обще­ственная

организация

executive board – исполнительный комитет

legal aid offices – юридическая консультация

to render – предоставлять

in-house counsel – юрисконсульт

plaintiff – истец

defendant – ответчик

juridical – юридический