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Контрольное задание №1-№4 в данных методических указаниях предлагается в пяти вариантах. Студент должен выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2 выполняют вариант №1; на 3 или 4 - №2; на 5 или 6 - №3; на 7 или 8 - №4; на 9 или 0 - №5. КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №1 ВАРИАНТ 1. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”: а) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ. в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ. 1. Moscow is one of the world’s cultural and scientific centers. 2. The first mentioning of Moscow in chronicles dates back ( относится ) to 1147. 3. The collections of the Historical Museum acquaint visitors with the history of the Russian State. 4. The researcher states that the new method of work is of great importance for the fulfillment of the plan.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ. 1. They discussed the economic development plan. 2. The International Tchaikovsky Competition and the International Ballet Competition took place in Moscow.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения. 1. This film is much more interesting than that one. 2. My friend is as old as I am. 3. The more you read, the better you know the subject. 4. The second text is not as difficult for translation as the first one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения. 1. There are some 150 museums in Moscow. 2. Any museum of Moscow is of great interest to us. 3. Do they take any books with them?
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог). 1. In 1980 the best sportsmen from five continents met in Moscow. 2. This girl took part in the International Ballet Competition in Moscow. 3. Moscow plants produce such goods as lorries and vehicles, instruments, industrial equipment, etc. 4. He will be glad to visit Moscow again.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста.
MOSCOW 1. Moscow became the capital of Russian State in 1918. In those difficult post-revolution days the work started on the first plan for the economic construction and reconstruction of Moscow. 2. Now Moscow’s boundaries expanded considerably. In 1972 Moscow covered 878.7 sq. km. and its population was about 8 million people. Today Moscow is an advanced industrial mega polis. Moscow is a main production and technical base of the country’s industry. There are many new industries in Moscow now, such as: machine-tool building, instrument-making, radio-engineering, electronics, chemical industry, etc. Moscow plants produce such goods as lorries, and passenger vehicles, sea-going and river vessels, diesel locomotives, precision instruments and other types of industrial equipment. 3. Thousands of Moscow citizens work at the plants and enterprises of these industries. And new residential districts are built for them. 4. Moscow is a multinational capital. People of different nationalities study side by side in its institute halls and library reading-rooms. They work together at numerous factories and plants of the great city. Moscow has a lot of higher schools with more than 1,000,000 students. 5. Moscow is the heart of the cultural life of the country. The city has some fifty theatres, many concert halls, numerous cinemas, about one hundred and fifty museums, many stadiums and sport halls.
ВАРИАНТ 2. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”: a) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ. в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ. 1. He works only five days a week. 2. We all know the works of this great writer. 3. We visited Kiev’s famous St. Sophia Cathedral. 4. The Ukraine represents a large economic region in Europe.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ. 1. There are many new machine building factories in the country. 2. These engineers deal with cosmic ray studies. 3. The Kiev underground is short, but beautiful. 4. This light industry establishment is not far from our Institute.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения. 1. This museum is much more interesting than that one. 2. This university building is not as large as that one. 3. We discussed the most important problems at the meeting yesterday. 4. The more often you use English words in speech, the better you learn them.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения. 1. No student of this group was in Kiev. 2. Some of the students will go on an excursion tomorrow. 3. Any museum of Kiev is of great interest to us. 4. Some two million people live in Kiev.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог ). 1. My friend left Kiev for Moscow. 2. Boris and I played chess after dinner. 3. They will be glad to see us in Kiev again. 4. The first view of Kiev gives you a feeling of a big city.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста. KIEV 1. The land of the Ukraine is vast and beautiful, its fields are fertile, and the energy of the mighty Dnieper River is enormous. The Ukraine represents a large economic region in Europe. In Soviet times many giant industrial enterprises, dams and hydro-electric stations, thousands of factories, collective and state farms, new cities and towns came into being in the Ukraine. 2. Kiev is the capital of the Ukraine. It is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Its population is some two million people. 3. Kiev is the largest center of national Ukrainian culture. There are many research institutes, the Academy of Science of the Ukraine, many higher and hundreds of secondary schools in Kiev. The University which bears the name of Shevchenko stands in the center of the city. Kiev has a history that goes back for more than ten centuries. 4. Kiev is a highly developed industrial city. There are many engineering, instrument-building, food processing and light industry establishments in Kiev. The Kiev plants and factories produce complex automatic lathes, excavators, sea and river ships, motor-cycles, electrical measuring instruments, planes, machine-tools, artificial fibers and diamonds. The Ukrainian scientists discovered the way of manufacturing artificial diamonds and developed the methods of electric welding. They made progress in nuclear physics, chemistry and other branches of science. 5. The Ukraine exports manufactured goods to more than 70 foreign countries. The Ukraine develops the relationships with Russia and other countries in political, economic and cultural spheres.
ВАРИАНТ 3. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”: а) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ. в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ. 1. The country exports its products to 40 countries. 2. The exports consist of non-ferrous metals, machinery, chemical equipment, etc. 3. What is your teacher’s name? 4. The scientists achieved great results in this branch of science.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ. 1. His sister is a ten-year-old girl. 2. This power-station equipment is quite new. 3. The lecturer named cotton yarn production figures in his report. 4. The new institute building is not far from my house.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения. 1. The Moskva River is not as wide and deep as the Neva. 2. This street is as wide as the next one. 3. The Trans-Siberian railway is much more longer than any railway in the world. 4. The longer I stayed in Minsk, the more I liked it.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения. 1. There are some faculties in our Institute. 2. Some 20 students took part in sport competition. 3. Any result in our experiment is of great importance for the whole research. 4. No one knew about this discovery.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог ). 1. This student took an active part in the public life of his Institute. 2. The achievements in science will provide for the progress in economy. 3. Machine-builders use the latest technical achievements in their work. 4. The extra-mural students received paid leaves for their exams.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста. MINSK 1. Minsk is the capital of Byelorussia, its political, economic and industrial center. Before the revolution it was a provincial town with some 100,000 inhabitants. Years of development transformed Minsk entirely. Today it is a large modern city with a population of some 800,000 people. 2. Minsk is a cultural and scientific center of Byelorussia. It has many museums, but perhaps the most famous are the Museum of the 1st Congress of the RSDLP and the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War. 3. Before the revolution there was not a single higher educational establishment in Minsk. There are now nearly thirty educational establishments including the University and many scientific research institutes. 4. Nowadays Minsk is a city of highly developed industry. The powerful MAZ lorries of the Minsk Automobile Works are famous not only in the country but far beyond its borders. The designers of the Minsk universal electronic computers, the most popular in the country, were awarded the State Prize. Farmers highly appreciate the new Minsk tractors which are highly reliable and easy to work. The Minsk Tractor Works is one of the biggest industrial enterprises. Every day hundreds of bright newly painted machines leave the factory gates. With each passing year the tractor builders perfect their skills and improve the technology of production. 5. Minsk workers are on friendly terms with their colleagues from other countries. Many specialists come from other countries to perfect their skills.
ВАРИАНТ 4. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”: а) показателем 3-го лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ. в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ. 1. This teacher lectures on physics. 2. His lectures are of great help to us. 3. This city’s art museum enjoys great popularity. 4. The City is London’s financial and commercial heartland.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ. 1. London is the nation’s capital and government services are also an important sector. 2. Tower Bridge is the most famous and distinctive bridge in London. 3. There are many picture galleries and museums in London.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения. 1. The Volga is much longer than the Thames. 2. The second text is as difficult as the first one. 3. This town is not as large as that one. 4. The more exercises we do, the better we understand grammar rules.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения. 1. Our country is very large; no one country is equal to it in size. 2. Do you go anywhere this morning? 3. Any student translates this text without a dictionary. 4. Some 20 students took part in sport competition.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог ). 1. Neither my friend nor I translated this text. 2. The delegation of this republic took an active part in the conference. 3. London lies on either side of the River Thames. 4. A light in the tower shows when the House of Commons is in session.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста. LONDON 1. London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. It lies on either side of the River Thames. The population of London is 6,904,600; the area is 1,579 sq. km. London is more than two thousand years old. It is the United Kingdom’s main center of population, commerce and culture and the largest port in England. 2. There are many places of interest in London. One of them is Trafalgar Square with Nelson’s monument 145 feet high. The Houses of Parliament, built in 1840 on the site of a former royal palace, are steeped in pomp and tradition, ceremony and splendor. Tourism and retail trade are among the major sectors of the city’s economy. And, because London is the nation’s capital, government services are also an important sector. 3. Buckingham Palace is the Royal Residence; it is the London home of the Queen. When the flag is flying on the top she is at home. Now Buckingham Palace is the Royal Residence of the Head of State – Queen Elizabeth II. 4. London is known all over the world for its green parks. The most celebrated parklands are the six royal parks that sweep through London’s West End. Hyde Park is the most popular. It is the largest park in London as well as one of the royal parks. 5. London is the center of the country’s cultural life. There are many picture galleries and museums here. The National Gallery and the others house a priceless collection of paintings. Founded in 1735, the British Museum is a treasure house of the works of man from prehistoric times to the present day. There are important displays of antiquities from Egypt, Western Asia, Greece, Rome and the East.
ВАРИАНТ 5. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием “S”: а) показателем 3-го лица ед. ч. глагола в Present Simple; б) признаком мн. ч. имени сущ. в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени сущ. 1. Everything in St. Petersburg reminds you of the history of Russia. 2. The city’s art museums enjoy great popularity. 3. He always watches TV program in the evening. 4. Something is wrong with your watches.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие определения, выраженные сущ. 1. He passes his examinations with excellent marks. 2. These plants produce automatic control instruments for underground transport. 3. There are many new machine building factories in the country.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие различные виды сравнения. 1. This film is not as interesting as that one. 2. The more you travel, the better you know our country. 3. This problem was much more important than that one. 4. The Leningrad metro is as beautiful as the Moscow one.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неопределенные местоимения. 1. Some of these articles are very interesting. 2. Have you any friends in St. Petersburg? 3. There are some 363 bridges in St. Petersburg. 4. No student can translate this article without the help of a dictionary.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму глагола ( время и залог ). 1. The legendary cruiser Aurora gave the signal for the assault on the Winter Palace. 2. Every monument and every building in St. Petersburg has a history of its own. 3. St. Petersburg will maintain close contacts with other countries. 4. The magnificent city on the Neva always played a prominent role in Russian and world history.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы текста. ST. PETERSBURG 1. The magnificent city on the Neva always played a prominent role in Russian and world history. Many years ago the working people of Russia accomplished the Revolution here, in Petrograd. The city was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great. Now St. Petersburg is more than 300 years old. 2. In the hard years of the Second World War, Leningrad became a symbol of courage in the bitter fighting against the Nazi invaders. Almost hundred days and nights of the siege of Leningrad multiplied the combat glory of the city. 3. Hundreds of thousands of students from many countries study in more than 50 higher schools of St. Petersburg. The city maintains close contacts with many countries. 4. Its plants and factories produce powerful ships and tractors, giant electric turbines for the largest power-stations of the country, television sets and refrigerators, rolling mills and precision instruments for various branches of industry and science. 5. St. Petersburg is a large industrial, cultural and scientific center. We can see products of its enterprises in many foreign countries. The northern capital always plays a great role in the development of many important branches of the economy.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2. ВАРИАНТ 1. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого. а) Действительный залог 1. The importance of scientific research is growing with every day. 2. A group of seven engineers has worked out the technology for producing a new alloy. 3. There are only two kinds of energy transfer – wave motion and particle motion. 4. By that time Niels Bohr had already accepted Rutherford’s model of the atom. b) Страдательный залог 1. The data of the latest research in this field of science are often referred to. 2. Gold is not affected by moisture. 3. The laboratory of our Institute was given a new task.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ). 1. The only force acting on a freely falling body in vacuum is gravity. 2. When placed over a fire, a substance becomes hot. 3. Steam is usually generated in a boiler heated by fire. 4. While studying the properties of electrons atomic physicists solved many other problems.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами. 1. Radio waves can be used for different purposes. 2. Ultra-violet radiation may produce ionization. 3. They will be able to create the necessary conditions in the laboratory. 4. The experiments must be conducted at room temperature. 5. The experiments are to clarify this point of view. 6. The constituents of this compound had to be determined at very low temperatures.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.
KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY ( 1857 – 1935 ) 1. K.E. Tsiolkovsky was born near Ryasan, south of Moscow in 1857. In his childhood he began to take interest in physics and mathematics. 2. In 1895 he began to mention space flights in his papers and in 1898 he wrote about the necessity for liquid-fuel rocket engines. His first work dealing with the fundamentals of rocket propulsion was written in 1898, but it was published only five years later. Thus, it took approximately two hundred years for someone to formulate a practical application of Newton’s law of action versus reaction. 3. In 1903 Tsiolkovsky began a series of articles for an aviation magazine in which he went into theory of rocketry quite thoroughly, and on this his reputation as a pioneer of space flight rests. He wrote of space suits, satellites and the colonization of the solar system and was the first to suggest space station. By the 1930s he was a well-known scientist in the Soviet Union. At this time the country was already interested in some sort of space program. 4. Two very important contributions were offered by Tsiolkovsky: the notion of multi-stage rockets and the idea of using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel. 5. The tombstone on Tsiolkovsky’s grave carries the message “Mankind will not remain tied to earth forever” and so it proved. Twenty two years after his death the Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite and Sputnik made a wonderful memorial for this great man. Tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga in 1935.
ВАРИАНТ 2. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого. а) Действительный залог 1. The special application of light has led to the development of lasers and masers. 2. The scientists are working on an interesting problem for obtaining power from atom. 3. Before Newton’s time, however, such great scientists as Copernicus, Gallilei and Kepler had discussed gravitation. b) Страдательный залог 1. Most waves are reflected from metals. 2. The delegation of foreign specialists was shown the new electronic equipment of our lab. 3. They will be given new interesting data by the end of the month. 4. The parts of this device are acted upon by more than two forces.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ). 1. Electrical energy used in our homes is often converted into heat and light. 2. All objects surrounding us are composed of different substances. 3. If produced by friction heat is usually considered as useless work. 4. Passing through the air alpha-particles ionize it.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами. 1. Polymers can be used for making different things. 2. Energy is never destroyed: one form of energy may be converted into another. 3. They will be able to improve the experimental conditions in their laboratory. 4. This complicated process must result in the release of energy. 5. The mixture is to be heated before the experiment. 6. The laboratory assistant had to alter the experimental conditions.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста. SERGEY KOROLYOV ( 1906 – 1966 ) 1. Korolyov’s biography is the concretization of the history of our land in one man. And at the same time he was always a little ahead; he was outstripping his day and outstripped it during all his life. 2. The name of Sergey Korolyov will forever be associated with one of the greatest achievements of science and technology of all times – the dawn of the age of space exploration by man. He was a leading designer of rocket and space systems which ensured success in the initial stages of investigation of outer space. 3. Korolyov’s devotion to his work, unusual gifts as a scientist and designer, his energy and outstanding organizational abilities played a major role in resolving the complex scientific and technical problems that stood in the path of development of rocket and space technology. He possessed enormous talent and boldness of scientific and engineering vision and this contributed to the realization of the most complicated scientific and technological projects. 4. Many of Academician Korolyov’s ideas were widely applied and extended in rocket and space engineering. He trained many scientists and engineers who are working today in various scientific and design organizations. 5. All his life Korolyov was working and devoted his whole life to selfless service to his homeland, to the development of an advanced science and technology.
ВАРИАНТ 3. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого. а) Действительный залог 1. Industry has developed various applications for the electromagnet. 2. Newton had established his law of gravitation before 1670. 3. The application of electronics is changing the entire life of the people. 4. There were many explanations of the phenomenon of light. b) Страдательный залог 1. They were given the wrong data of the experiment. 2. The speaker was asked a number of difficult questions. 3. Today polymers are referred to as materials of vital importance.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ). 1. The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very great. 2. When placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized. 3. Heat produced from electric energy often heats our homes. 4. While speaking of strength it must be noted that strength is not the same as stiffness.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами. 1. A body can be accelerated only if a force is applied to it. 2. Objects may reflect most of one colour, half of another colour and a small percentage of some others. 3. Nobody will be able to measure the density of this substance without a special device. 4. In our experiments the initial substances must be chemically pure. 5. The aim of the study is to provide definite results as soon as possible. 6. The force acting upon the body had to be determined.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста. ANDREY SAKHAROV 1. Andrey Sakharov, the outstanding nuclear physicist, was born in Moscow, Russia on May 14. He won a doctorate at the age of 26 and was admitted as a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences at age 32. 2. Having invented the deadly weapon, nevertheless, Andrey Sakharov was an outspoken advocate of human rights, civil liberties and reforms in the country. As a prominent Soviet scientist, he was accorded luxuries and honors. But in 1961 he went on record against the plan to test a 100-megaton hydrogen bomb in the atmosphere, fearing the effects of widespread radioactive fallout. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, but in 1975 the Soviet scientist had to overcome many obstacles in his way for world recognition and awards. 3. In 1968 Sakharov published in the West his essay “Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom”, in which he called for nuclear arms reductions and criticized the increasing repression of Soviet dissidents. 4. In December 1979, with his denunciation of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and his call for a world boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games, he was silenced. He was not able to publish his works in his country. 5. A year later, the Soviet government stripped him of his honors and exiled him to the closed city of Gorky ( now Nizhny Novgorod ). M. S. Gorbachev in 1986 released Sakharov and let him return to Moscow.
ВАРИАНТ 4. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого. а) Действительный залог 1. The use of metals is based upon their physical or chemical properties. 2. There are many properties that man has found useful in his application of electromagnetic waves. 3. The flow of electrons in one direction results in an electric current. 4. The energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs of the world are increasing. б) Страдательный залог 1. The isotopes of the element hydrogen were given individual names. 2. Electronics is usually thought of as that part of electricity which deals with vacuum tubes and transistors. 3. The behaviour of metals is greatly affected by the changes in temperature.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ). 1. The Celsius scale ( шкала Цельсия ) is the scale used in most scientific experiments. 2. When heated to a certain temperature, water increases in volume. 3. The motion of the boiling water is caused by the bubbles of vapour rising through the water. 4. While testing the operation of the system engineers used different kinds of equipment.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами. 1. Artificial light can be produced in several ways. 2. This process may be affected by other factors. 3. You will be able to explain the disagreement between these results. 4. Much fuel must always produce much heat. 5. The old machines in this shop are to be replaced by next year. 6. The defects in this metal construction had to be detected by means of X-ray examination.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста. ERNST MACH ( 1838 – 1916 ) 1. Ernst Mach, an outstanding Austrian physicist, was born on the 18th of February, 1838 in Turas, Moravia ( now Czech Republic ). He was the son of a schoolteacher who moved with his family to Vienna while Ernst was still a baby. His training was in physics, and he obtained his doctor’s degree in that subject at the University of Vienna in 1895. 2. However, he was strongly influenced by psychophysics and became a philosopher of science. He elaborated the notion that all knowledge was a matter of sensation. Mach’s philosophy was not greeted with any enthusiasm in his time. More than thirty years later Mach’s idealistic theory was analyzed and criticized. 3. Mach is best known now for his experiments on airflow, in which he was the first to take note of the sudden change in the nature of the airflow over a moving object as it reaches the speed of sound. Consequently, the speed of sound in air, under given conditions of temperature is called Mach 1. Twice the speed of sound is Mach 2, and so on. After the war, planes approached the speed of sound ( 740 miles an hour ) or Mach 1. In the age of supersonic air travel, Mach numbers ( a phrase first used in 1925 ) fill the public prints. 4. Ernst Mach died in Germany, on the 19th February, 1916.
ВАРИАНТ 5. I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого. а) Действительный залог 1. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe. 2. While the Earth is making one complete rotation on its axis, it is also traveling in its orbit around the Sun. 3. Scientists had solved many interesting problems by the end of the 19th century. b) Страдательный залог 1. Atoms are grouped in various ways to make molecules. 2. Iron is referred to as the most important metal of our metallic age. 3. The name “electron” was given to the small negative particle discovered by Thomson. 4. The ignition was followed by combustion.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ). 1. At the center of the atom, and forming its nucleus, there are one or more positively charged particles or protons. 2. When electrified a body may repel as well as attract different objects. 3. Heat gained by one substance is heat lost by another. 4. Another promising method to produce high-energy particles is based on superconductivity.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами. 1. Infra-red waves can be stopped by glass. 2. Energy release may do some useful work. 3. Soon we’ll be able to understand many phenomena which occur on the solar surface. 4. Today the scientists must concentrate their attention on the production of artificial materials. 5. The samples are to be analyzed at our laboratory. 6. The laboratory assistant had to check up the readings of the recorder several times.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста. YURY GAGARIN ( 1934 – 1968 ) 1. In the 1960s satellites were traveling at speeds approaching Mach 25. It was only a matter of time before men were placed in them. In the Soviet Union and in the USA men were undergoing training for this purpose. They were called cosmonauts in the Soviet Union and astronauts in the United States. 2. The first man to fly into space was Yury Gagarin. On Wednesday, April 12, 1961 at 9.07 a.m. Moscow time, the sputnik-spaceship “Vostok” was launched into space with a man on board. This man was the first cosmonaut, Yury Gagarin. 3. Yury Gagarin, the son of a carpenter, was born near Gzhatsk ( now Gagarin ), Smolensk region on the 9th of March, 1934. His early education was interrupted by the war. After the war he attended a vocational school and then a technical industrial school. His interest in flying led him to the Orenburg Flying School from which he graduated with honors as an air force lieutenant in 1957. After serving as a test pilot, he joined the group of cosmonauts in training for orbital flight and it was upon him that the choice fell in 1961. 4. On April 12, 1961, Gagarin became the first man placed in orbit around the Earth. He remained in orbit 1 hour and 48 minutes, rising as high above the surface as 187,66 miles and traveling at a velocity that reached 17,000 miles an hour. So on April 12, 1961, mankind entered a new era – the era of mastering space age. 5. Yury Gagarin died tragically in an airplane crash near Kirzhach on the 27th of March, 196 | |
