Вариант 1.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. The amount to be paid includes the cost of packing.

2. She promised him to visit the exhibition.

3. I advise you to take more exercise.

4. To discuss a contract is half of the problem.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. We expect you to send us an early reply.

2. They are known to have been working on this problem for a long time.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. By giving large orders far in advance he ensures for the producer a constant flow of production.

2. This problem is worth discussing.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is Gross Domestic Product?

2. What sector of economy are analyzed in the USA when GDP is calculated?

Gross Domestic Product

Gross Domestic Product or GDP is the amount of money a country makes from goods and services inside the country for a certain period of time, usually for year.

When GDP is calculated different sectors of economy are analyzed.

In the United Kingdom the following sectors of economy are usually analysed: manufacturing, services (financial, professional and scientific services   leisure and tourism), energy (oil, natural gas, coal) and agriculture. In the United States the following sectors of economy are usually analyzed when GDP is defined: construction and manufacturing; trade and finance; transport, communication and services; agriculture; and mining.

Speaking, as an example, about one of the recent year's GDP figures, the following can be quoted:

In the UK the services sector accounted for roughly 60 per cent of Gross Domestic Product. Manufacturing sector accounted for a small percentage of Gross Domestic Product. Energy production sector accounted for about 8 per cent of GDP. Agriculture is only for 4 per cent of GDP. But the agricultural sector satisfies two-thirds of the country's needs. And only a small fraction of the total population ( about two per cent) are engaged in agriculture.

In the USA the construction and manufacturing sector accounted for 40 per cent of GDP; trade and finance earned 25 per cent of GDP; transport, communication and services sector earned 20 per cent of GDP; agriculture and mining earned 5 per cent of GDP. By the way 10 per cent of the employed population of the United States is engaged in agriculture.

Вариант 2.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. As a rule the accountant is the first to help the management in decision making.

2. He began to translate the contract immediately.

3. To be a creative leader, you have to take risks.

4. Her duty is to look through the morning mail.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. Many people believe accounting programs to be changed.

2. The customers are said to buy the goods at the price fixed by a special agreement.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. It’s no use phoning her today.

2. Our partners objected to our changing the delivery schedule.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What goods does the United Kingdom export and import?

2. Does the country earn a lot of money thanks to a big number of tourists coming to Britain?

Foreign Trade of the UK

In the 19^th century Britain dominated international trade, accounting for about one-third of the world's export. Early in the 20* century its position changed. The volume of world's exports increased but the percentage of British exports in world trade declined significantly.

But still foreign trade is vital to Britain's livelihood. With a large population, small land area, and few natural resources, the country must depend on foreign trade to supply the raw materials for English factories and to provide a market for the sale of the thousands of types of manufactured goods produced by English industries.

The United Kingdom's principal exports are vehicles, machinery, manufactured goods and textiles. Its main imports are foodstuffs and most of the raw materials for industries.

There is usually an unfavourable balance of trade, that is, imports exceeds exports, but this is compensated for in part by the so-called invisible trade.

The earnings from invisible trade come in the way of shipping charges, interest payments from foreign investments, interest payments from British enterprises abroad, and tourist expenditure. The earnings from tourist trade make this one of British important industries.

Britain has got very sound economic ties with various countries of the world, especially the Commonwealth countries. The Commonwealth, officially called the Commonwealth of Nations, has grown out of the old British Empire which came to an end with the Second World War. The Commonwealth countries are Canada, Australia, New Zealand and a few other countries and territories. The UK enjoys special rights to import various agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables from the Commonwealth at very good prices all year round.

The United Kingdom has been a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFT A) since 1959, and a member of the European Economic Community (EEC) since 1973.

Вариант 3.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. The third main area to research is financial side.

2. It takes long to deliver finished cars to the customers.

3. Lunch is the time to relax.

4. She applied for job to improve her career prospects.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. They are likely to start producing this model.

2. The goods are reported to be expensive.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. Without having a good training one cannot become a good specialist.

2. We look forward to meeting you soon.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Were are the biggest stock exchanges in the world?

2. Can an investor approach a jobber directly.

Securities and Stock Exchanges

Shares, stocks and bonds form securities.

Bonds are documents which give details of a loan made to a company or government.

Securities issued by the British Government are called guilts or guilt-edged securities. This can also mean any high quality security without financial risk. Another way of describing these high quality securities is blue chips.

Securities of all kinds are traded at the Stock Exchange. Only Stock Exchange members are admitted to transact business at the Stock Exchange. There are two kinds of people dealing on the Stock Exchange Market. They are brokers and jobbers.

An investor who wishes buy or sell securities must act through a broker. After the broker receives instructions from the investor or his client he approaches a jobber. Each jobber deals in a particular group of securities. The jobber asks the broker his price. The jobber usually does not know if the broker wishes to buy or sell and he quotes two prices:

• his buying price, or the bid

• his selling price, or the offer

The difference of the two prices is the jobber's turn.

The existence of the stock exchange means that it is generally possible to buy or sell securities at any time at the market price.

The speculator on the stock exchange who buys securities in expectation of a rise in their prices is a bull.

The speculator wishing to sell securities in anticipation of a fall in their prices is a bear.

The biggest stock exchanges function in London, New York, Tokyo and Frankfurt-on-the-Mine, thus providing round-the-clock operation of the stock exchange market.

Вариант 4.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. Here are some documents to be referred to.

2. We are always ready to serve the customers of our bank.

3. They are planning to invite a lot of people to our presentation.

4. young people have many opportunities to show creativity.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. The plant is reported to have allocated large sums of money to housing construction.

2. They expect the company to cut production costs.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. Many people get higher education without being interested in their future work.

2. Instead of opening up new shop herself she set up a branchise.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Who are current account services extended to?

2. In what way is a cheque book used?

Various Services of Banks

Banker's services cover an enormous range of activities today. A full list would include:

• Current account services

They are extended to anyone whom banks regard as reliable. A depositor should be recommended by his employer or should present a reference. If this proves satisfactory the bank will accept a deposit from him which will be entered in his current account.

A cheque book will then be issued free of charge. Once the customer has received his cheque book he may use the cheques to order the banker to pay out sums of money from his current account. Money is being paid into and paid out of the account as often as the customer finds convenient.

• Deposit account services

Companies and individuals can deposit cash resources that are not needed at present. They can withdraw the money either any day they need it or after a certain period in case of time deposits.

• Savings account services

It enables small savers to put money away for particular purposes, for example for holidays.

• Other services:

• foreign exchange

• foreign exchange transactions

• services in foreign trade payments

• discounting bills of exchange

• granting loans

• investment management services

• cash dispensers and automated teller machines

• safe custody

• economic information

• banker's credit cards

• and many others

Вариант 5.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. To discuss a contract is half of the problem.

2. He promised her to visit the exhibition.

3. The amount to be paid includes the cost of packing.

4. I advise you to discuss this problem.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. Our sales seem to increase next year.

2. It is important for the goods to be packed in crates.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. They have succeeded in developing the new model.

2. This exhibition is worth visiting.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What services does the country export?

2. When did Britain join the European Economic Community?

Foreign Trade of the UK

In the 19^th century Britain dominated international trade, accounting for about one-third of the world's export. Early in the 20* century its position changed. The volume of world's exports increased but the percentage of British exports in world trade declined significantly.

But still foreign trade is vital to Britain's livelihood. With a large population, small land area, and few natural resources, the country must depend on foreign trade to supply the raw materials for English factories and to provide a market for the sale of the thousands of types of manufactured goods produced by English industries.

The United Kingdom's principal exports are vehicles, machinery, manufactured goods and textiles. Its main imports are foodstuffs and most of the raw materials for industries.

There is usually an unfavourable balance of trade, that is, imports exceeds exports, but this is compensated for in part by the so-called invisible trade.

The earnings from invisible trade come in the way of shipping charges, interest payments from foreign investments, interest payments from British enterprises abroad, and tourist expenditure. The earnings from tourist trade make this one of British important industries.

Britain has got very sound economic ties with various countries of the world, especially the Commonwealth countries. The Commonwealth, officially called the Commonwealth of Nations, has grown out of the old British Empire which came to an end with the Second World War. The Commonwealth countries are Canada, Australia, New Zealand and a few other countries and territories. The UK enjoys special rights to import various agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables from the Commonwealth at very good prices all year round.

The United Kingdom has been a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFT A) since 1959, and a member of the European Economic Community (EEC) since 1973.

Вариант 6.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. Here are some documents to be referred to.

2. The company is developing new equipment to be competitive.

3. At last productivity has started to improve again.

4. Most people want to know about products.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. The plant is supposed to be competative .

2. It is important for the goods to be packed in crates.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. Nobody likes being criticized for ineffective work.

2. Developing a high technology product requires a great deal of investments.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Does each jobber specialize in one definite type of securities?

2. Why does the jobber usually quote both the selling and the buying price for the securities?

Securities and Stock Exchanges

Shares, stocks and bonds form securities.

Bonds are documents which give details of a loan made to a company or government.

Securities issued by the British Government are called guilts or guilt-edged securities. This can also mean any high quality security without financial risk. Another way of describing these high quality securities is blue chips.

Securities of all kinds are traded at the Stock Exchange. Only Stock Exchange members are admitted to transact business at the Stock Exchange. There are two kinds of people dealing on the Stock Exchange Market. They are brokers and jobbers.

An investor who wishes buy or sell securities must act through a broker. After the broker receives instructions from the investor or his client he approaches a jobber. Each jobber deals in a particular group of securities. The jobber asks the broker his price. The jobber usually does not know if the broker wishes to buy or sell and he quotes two prices:

• his buying price, or the bid

• his selling price, or the offer

The difference of the two prices is the jobber's turn.

The existence of the stock exchange means that it is generally possible to buy or sell securities at any time at the market price.

The speculator on the stock exchange who buys securities in expectation of a rise in their prices is a bull.

The speculator wishing to sell securities in anticipation of a fall in their prices is a bear.

The biggest stock exchanges function in London, New York, Tokyo and Frankfurt-on-the-Mine, thus providing round-the-clock operation of the stock exchange market.

Вариант 7.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. They don’t have much time to analyze all the data.

2. One of the ways to improve productivity is to improve product quality.

3. To read is useful.

4. The engineers began to test the new equipment last week.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. I watch my friend examine the accounts of his firm in the book of accounts.

2. The company was said to have been in a difficult situation.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. They are interested in selling this equipment.

2. We risk loosing our leading position in the market.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is a deposit account?

2. What are savings account services used for?

Various Services of Banks

Banker's services cover an enormous range of activities today. A full list would include:

• Current account services

They are extended to anyone whom banks regard as reliable. A depositor should be recommended by his employer or should present a reference. If this proves

satisfactory the bank will accept a deposit from him which will be entered in his current account.

A cheque book will then be issued free of charge. Once the customer has received his cheque book he may use the cheques to order the banker to pay out sums of money from his current account. Money is being paid into and paid out of the account as often as the customer finds convenient.

• Deposit account services

Companies and individuals can deposit cash resources that are not needed at present. They can withdraw the money either any day they need it or after a certain period in case of time deposits.

• Savings account services

It enables small savers to put money away for particular purposes, for example for holidays.

• Other services:

• foreign exchange

• foreign exchange transactions

• services in foreign trade payments

• discounting bills of exchange

• granting loans

• investment management services

• cash dispensers and automated teller machines

• safe custody

• economic information

• banker's credit cards

• and many others

Вариант 8.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. Young people have many opportunities to show creativity.

2. The director asked the secretary to meet customers.

3. Her job is to improve productivity by collecting data about each stage.

4. The third main area to research is the financial side.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. The Buyers wanted the guarantee period to be extended by two or there months respectively.

2. They are unlikely to cancel the project under the circum stances.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. I have not heard of his being offered the post of director of the new plant.

2. They insist on our taking part in the talks.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. Who are admitted to transact business at the Stock exchange in London?

2. Can an investor approach a jobber directly?

Securities and Stock Exchanges

Shares, stocks and bonds form securities.

Bonds are documents which give details of a loan made to a company or government.

Securities issued by the British Government are called guilts or guilt-edged securities. This can also mean any high quality security without financial risk. Another way of describing these high quality securities is blue chips.

Securities of all kinds are traded at the Stock Exchange. Only Stock Exchange members are admitted to transact business at the Stock Exchange. There are two kinds of people dealing on the Stock Exchange Market. They are brokers and jobbers.

An investor who wishes buy or sell securities must act through a broker. After the broker receives instructions from the investor or his client he approaches a jobber. Each jobber deals in a particular group of securities. The jobber asks the broker his price. The jobber usually does not know if the broker wishes to buy or sell and he quotes two prices:

• his buying price, or the bid

• his selling price, or the offer

The difference of the two prices is the jobber's turn.

The existence of the stock exchange means that it is generally possible to buy or sell securities at any time at the market price.

The speculator on the stock exchange who buys securities in expectation of a rise in their prices is a bull.

The speculator wishing to sell securities in anticipation of a fall in their prices is a bear.

The biggest stock exchanges function in London, New York, Tokyo and Frankfurt-on-the-Mine, thus providing round-the-clock operation of the stock exchange market.

Вариант 9.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. Car manufacturers can’t produce enough to meet customer demand.

2. It takes too long to deliver finished cars to the customers.

3. Their duty was to test new equipment.

4. When you start to do business in a new region, it’s very important to understand the culture.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. The problem was too complicated for me to solve it.

2. This appears to be the only exception to the rule.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. We object to your starting the experiment next week.

2. They couldn’t help visiting the plant.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is a commonwealth?

2. When did Britain join European Economic Community?

The European Economic Community and the European Union

The European Economic Community, or the Common Market, or the EEC was established in 1957 by the Treaty of Rome, The original six member countries of the Community were France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Then a few other countries joined the Community. Britain, together with the Irish Republic and Denmark, joined the EEC on 1^st January, 1973.

The Community formed an enormous trading area of almost 250 million people, and accounted for two fifths of the world's trade.

The membership allowed imports to enter member countries either free of duty or at lower customs duties.

All member countries attributed to a common budget for certain purposes, based on relative total output of goods and services, or gross national product.

Under the Community regulations, people of member countries were allowed to enter freely another member state to travel or to work there.

The objective of the original six members of the Treaty of Rome was to create a process leading towards the goal of unification.

This political purpose was spelled out in 1969 in the Hague where the objective of "paving the way for a United Europe" was recognized and was reaffirmed in 1983 in the Stuttgart Solemn Declaration; and in 1986 in the Single European Act, member states undertook "to transform relations as a whole among their states into a European Union, and stipulated that the European Communities and European Political Cooperation would have as their objectives to contribute together to making concrete progress towards European Unity".

The process of creating an economic involvement and dependence that would go far to meet most member states ultimate goal of European Unity was realized in 1992 with the signing at Maastricht of the Treaty on European Union, which set as its objective the establishment of "a European Union... a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe". Provision was made for the Union to become a reality through, inter alia, the establishment of economic and monetary union, including the creation of a single currency (the euro) and the introduction of Union citizenship (and eventually removal of frontiers, under the Shengen System).

Moreover, the Union would "assert its identity in the international scene, in particular through the implementation of a common foreign and security policy".

The EU consists of fifteen member states, namely: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

The Union has the following institutions:

• the Commission

• the Council of the European Union

• the European Parliament

• the European Court of Justice

The Secretariat of the European Union is in Brussels.

Вариант 10.

І. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении и переведите его на русский язык.

1. Here are some documents to be referred to.

2. We are always ready to serve the customers of our bank.

3. They are planning to invite a lot of people to our presentation.

4. We are ready to open a new branch in Brazil.

ІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. They expect the prices to be reduced.

2. He is certain to come.

ІІІ. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

1. We insisted on their delivering the goods immediately.

2. You mustn’t leave without visiting our plant there.

ІV. Письменно переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What sectors of economy are analyzed in the UK when GDP is calculated?

2. What fraction of the total population is engaged in agriculture in the UK and in the USA.

Gross Domestic Product.

Gross Domestic Product or GDP is the amount of money a country makes from goods and services inside the country for a certain period of time, usually for year.

When GDP is calculated different sectors of economy are analyzed.

In the United Kingdom the following sectors of economy are usually analysed: manufacturing, services (financial, professional and scientific services   leisure and tourism), energy (oil, natural gas, coal) and agriculture. In the United States the following sectors of economy are usually analysed when GDP is defined: construction and manufacturing; trade and finance; transport, communication and services; agriculture; and mining.

Speaking, as an example, about one of the recent year's GDP figures, the following can be quoted:

In the UK the services sector accounted for roughly 60 per cent of Gross Domestic Product. Manufacturing sector accounted for a small percentage of Gross Domestic Product. Energy production sector accounted for about 8 per cent of GDP. Agriculture is only for 4 per cent of GDP. But the agricultural sector satisfies two-thirds of the country's needs. And only a small fraction of the total population ( about two per cent) are engaged in agriculture.

In the USA the construction and manufacturing sector accounted for 40 per cent of GDP; trade and finance earned 25 per cent of GDP; transport, communication and services sector earned 20 per cent of GDP; agriculture and mining earned 5 per cent of GDP. By the way 10 per cent of the employed population of the United States is engaged in agriculture.