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Задание на контрольную работу дается в 10 вариантах. Вариант определяется по последней цифре шифра, если шифр заканчивается на цифру «0», то выполняется 10 вариант. Вариант 1 TEXT А HOW FIRE WAS DISCOVERED The earliest men knew about fire. It flashed from volcanoes, from lightning and in forest fires. At first men only feared it. Then they found that fire could be useful and to a certain extent kept under control. Each group of people made this great discovery for themselves. Early men used fire for cooking and to harden his weapons. It was long, long years before men learned to get a fire for themselves. The precious fire was guarded, watched and fed constantly. When a camp was moved the fire was carefully carried to the new place because if it went out, they had to wait for a forest fire or for a lightning to strike some tree or they had to get it from another tribe they happened to meet. So we don't know for sure how the use of fire was discovered. We can only guess how it happened. Some think that lightning set fire to a dead tree and from that a man learned about fire. Or probably he saw fire started by the rubbing together of two branches of a tree and then tried to imitate this process himself. Later men came to know the benefits of fire. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Первобытный человек, лесной огонь, в определенной степени, закалял оружие, добывать огонь, узнали. 3. Из второго абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных early и precious. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами и/или их эквивалентами (3) и переведите их на русский язык 6. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 7. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. TEXT В RESCUE FROM BURNING BUILDINGS In 1989 69 catastrophic fires in the USA resulted in 469 deaths. 43 of those fires occurred in residential structures, killing 263 people. Almost 60°/o of the residential fires occurred in houses that had no detectors or in houses that had no batteries or electric power supply. 25 fires of that kind caused death to 154 people. When fire fighters enter a burning building to perform rescue work, they must first consider their own protection. In order to protect the burning surface from heat and flame he should wear proper clothing and have self-contained protective breathing equipment. Rope guide lines tied to rescuer's body are helpful when a rescue needs to be performed in the dark or under extremely hazardous situations Portable radios are valuable in rescue job. Fire streams are often used to protect fire fighters and victims. Victims may be trapped in a burning building and their normal means of exit may be cut off by fire. In order to reach such victims fire department ladders are needed. Fire service ladders are essential in the performance of both major functions: in saving lives and extinguishing fires. Personal protection for fire fighters during a rescue operation is absolutely necessary. A fire fighter needs protection against the weather, excessive heat, and fire gases and should not take unnecessary chances during rescue operations. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные указательные и т.д.). 4. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. 5. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: In some circumstances the danger of explosion appears. 6. Найдите во втором абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 7. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 2 TEXT А THE HISTORY OF FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION The efforts to protect property and prevent fires were made in Rome in about 300 В.С. Historians record that a band of slaves was given the task of watching for fires from a high hill and of warning the citizens of fire This type of captive fire watch was continued until the reign of Caesar Augustus (27 ВС - 14 AD) Under Caesar Augustus the first municipal-type fire department appeared. The command structure was almost identical to that is used by fire department today. There were 7 squads ( fire-fighting forces) that contained from 100 to 1 000 men per squad. Each man within each squad had to fulfill a particular task. For example, he could be a water carrier or perhaps a pump supervisor. Each squad had a supervising officer, who could be compared with the present day battalion chief. When a fire occurred, Roman law demanded that the responsibility and the cause of the fire must be determined. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Защищать собственность, предотвращать пожары, вахта по наблюдению за огнем, силы пожарной охраны, причины пожара, командная структура, в отряде, оператор насосной установки. 3. Из первых двух абзацев текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных high и particular. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами (3) и переведите их на русский язык 6. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 7. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. 8. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. TEXT В APPLICATION OF WATER Water is the most effective agent for the extinction of fires of ordinary combustible materials, and water is the fireman's best friend. It is predominant because it is cheap and plentiful, and its high latent heat of vaporization renders it suitable for cooling purposes. Water is usually applied with force in the form of a jet to the heart of a fire, but a spray may be preferable in some circumstances. Although water is the most effective extinguishing agent for fires of ordinary combustible materials, there are some either hazards or ineffectiveness. Water is a good conductor of electricity and if applied as a jet on live electrical apparatus or wiring it will place the fireman in danger of electric shock. When it is not possible to extinguish these fires by other means, e.g. carbon dioxide and the cooling effect of water is necessary, the apparatus and wiring must be made electrically dead before jets are applied. It should not be used on materials which react chemically with it. Sodium, potassium and calcium may ignite on contact with water, calcium carbide when wetted gives off inflammable gas acetylene. Water on burning magnesium or titanium is decomposed, and the danger of explosion appears. Water is generally unsuitable for fires involving oils and other inflammable liquids or fats, but in some circumstances it may be applied with caution in the form of sprays. It must be remembered that when water comes into contact with hot oil, violent eruptions or foaming may occur. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные указательные и т.д.). 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: In some circumstances the danger of explosion appears. 5. Найдите в пятом абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 3 ТЕХТ А THE HISTORY OF FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION IN GREAT BRITAIN William I (William the Conqueror) of England (1027 - 1089) decreed one of the first recorded fire prevention regulations. The use of the open hearth for heating and cooking in houses created a fire danger and he ordered all fires be extinguished at night. On the ringing of the evening bell all fires were to be extinguished. King Richard I (1189 - 1199) decreed that walls 16 feet high and 3 feet thick were to be built between the neighbouring buildings to prevent fire spread. This requirement is similar to the modern standard. It requires that parapet walls must prevent fire spread from one building to another. After September 2, 1666, further changes in fire prevention regulations took place On that day the Great Fire of London began and burned for 5 days. Following that fire the London City Council acted to prevent similar fires. The law was passed that required all homes to be built of brick or stone. Those were the first attempts at controlling fire. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Создавать опасность, издать закон, соседние здания, правила пожарной профилактики, предотвратить распространение огня, по звуку колокола, дальнейшие изменения. 3. Из 3 абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных thick и modern. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами (или их эквивалентами) (3) и переведите их на русский язык 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. 7. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 8. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. TEXT B FIRE EXTINGUISHING THEORY The extinguishing theory of fire is based on аn interruption of one or more fire ingredients. With flaming combustion the fire may be extinguished by reducing temperature, eliminating fuel or oxygen, or by stopping the uninhibited chemical chain reaction. If a fire is in the smoldering phase of combustion, only three extinguishment options exist: reduction of temperature, elimination of fuel, or oxygen. One of the most common methods of extinguishment is cooling by water. The process of extinguishment by cooling is dependent on cooling the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapour to burn. In some cases, a fire is effectively extinguished by removing the fuel source. This may be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel. Another method of fuel removal is to allow the fire to burn until all fuel is consumed. The method of extinguishment by oxygen dilution is the reduction of the oxygen concentration to the fire area. This can be accomplished by introducing an inert gas into the fire or by separating the oxygen from the fuel. This method of extinguishment will not work on self-oxidized materials or on certain metals as they are oxidized by carbon dioxide or nitrogen, the two most common extinguishing agents. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные указательные и т.д.). 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: In some circumstances the danger of explosion appears. 5. Найдите в первом предложении текста причастие I и причастие II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 4 TEXT А FIRES IN AMERICA At the beginning of the settlement of America there were serious setbacks because of fire. The first permanent colony in Virginia was destroyed by fire and then, in 1623, the colony in Plymouth was nearly destructed by fire. Several reasons can explain why fire was such a hazard in the early American colonies: building their homes the English settlers had to use traditional building methods and materials of rural England. If a fire started the total destruction of all the buildings was almost assured and conflagrations were common. Benjamin Franklin in 1736 recommended the formation of a volunteer fire company and served as the first fire chief in America. Later other famous men were involved in volunteer fire protection. On October, 9, 1871, the fire destroyed most of the city of Chicago. The anniversary of this fire is commemorated by Fire Prevention Day established in 1922. The observance of Fire Prevention Week reminds us of the great destructiveness of fire and the importance of its prevention. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Серьезные препятствия, из-за, постоянное поселение, полное разрушение, добровольная пожарная дружина, начальник пожарной охраны, большой пожар, проведение недели пожарной профилактики, разрушительная сила пожара. 3. Из 2 абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных famous и great. 5. Выпишите предложение с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами и переведите их на русский язык. 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. 7. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 8. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. TEXT B FOAM Foam is a frothy product which is similar in appearance to soap-suds. It is so light that it flows in any liquid. Foam is the most effective extinguishing agent for fires of liquids which are not mixed with water, e.g. petrol, paraffin, spirit, paints, oils and many others. It is well-known that liquids themselves don't burn, but the mixture of air and the vapour given off from these liquids burns. The combustion doesn't occur usually at the surface of the liquid, where the proportion of vapour to air is too great to form a combustible mixture. Foam is used in such quantities to cover the whole surface of the burning liquids with a blanket which excludes air and prevents the formation of vapor. The properties of the foam are the following: flow freely over a surface of the liquid to form a blanket; resist heat, flames and wind; retain its water content for a long period. There are two classes of foam: chemical and mechanical Chemical foam is produced by a chemical reaction. Mechanical foam does not involve any chemical action in its preparation. It is known that foam has many advantages over vaporizing liquids. Although foam is particularly well suited to fires of liquids, it may also be useful on fires of ordinary combustible materials, such as paper, textiles and so on, when the water supply is limited. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите местоимения из текста, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.) 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: Foam flows in any liquids. 5. Найдите в последнем абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 5 TEXT А BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WARRINGTON FIRE SERVICE The history of Warrington Fire Services dates back to the eighteenth century. The first records of fire can date back from 1791. Early in the nineteenth century six insurance companies appeared to deal with fires in property. One of the first indications of the Government's interest in organized fire fighting in Great Britain was given in 1812 - 1813. In that period Parliament passed an Act which stated the fact that «there was no Fire Engine House belonging to Warrington» and «that regulations are wanted for the better governing of the firemen». The Warrington Fire Establishment was formed in 1828 and consisted of six engines. In 1868 Warrington had one of the largest fire pumps in the country. It was a manual engine. During the Second World War the Service was nationalized. After that the Fire Service had to return to the Local Authority control. Since that time Warrington Fire Service has progressed from a continuous duty system to 24 and now the 48 hour week. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Датируется, система постоянных дежурств, страховые компании, пожарные управления, иметь дело с, издавать указ, пожарное депо. 3. Из 1 и 3 абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to have’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Выпишите из текста по одному прилагательному в сравнительной и превосходной форме. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами и/или их эквивалентами и переведите их на русский язык. 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. 7. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 8. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. TEXT В DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRE Combustion is a chemical reaction or series of chemical reactions in which heat and light are evolved. All combustion reactions are oxidation reactions even if oxygen itself is not involved in combustion. For combustion to occur three factors are necessary: heat, oxygen and a combustible substance. Removal of one of these factors leads to the collapse of the triangle and combustion ceases. There are often two stages in the development of a fire. At first the fire burns slowly and there is a steady rise in the temperature. In some period of time the combustible material becomes heated to its ignition point and vapors are distilled off from it. Then the fire spreads over the whole of the material and it is sometimes called «a flashover», and a fire that could easily have been extinguished by the use of first aid appliances changes to one that demands the attention of a fire brigade. It often happens that a small fire in a closed room is supported for some time by air which enters through cracks or doors and the combustible materials temperature rises to the ignition point. In a burning building where there are pockets of combustible gases, am inrush of fresh air can mix with the hot gases and form an explosive mixture. Such a condition, known as «back draught», is dangerous to firemen engaged in opening-up building. It is usual that some hose-lines must be ready for feeding of water before the entry into the burning building. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимениями, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.) 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: Combustion represents a rapid rate of reaction. 5. Найдите в тексте в четвёртом абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 6 TEXT A HOW FIRE WAS DISCOVERED The earliest men knew about fire. It flashed from volcanoes, from lightning and in forest fires. At first men only feared it. Then they found that fire could be useful and to a certain extent kept under control. Each group of people made this great discovery for themselves. Early men used fire for cooking and to harden his weapons. It was long, long years before men learned to get a fire for themselves. The precious fire was guarded, watched and fed constantly. When a camp was moved the fire was carefully carried to the new place because if it went out, they had to wait for a forest fire or for a lightning to strike some tree or they had to get it from another tribe they happened to meet. So we don't know for sure how the use of fire was discovered. We can only guess how it happened. Some think that lightning set fire to a dead tree and from that a man learned about fire. Or probably he saw fire started by the rubbing together of two branches of a tree and then tried to imitate this process himself. Later men came to know the benefits of fire. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Первобытный человек, лесной огонь, в определенной степени, закалял оружие, добывать огонь, узнали. 3. Из второго абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных early и precious. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами (3) и переведите их на русский язык 6. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 7. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. TEXT В FUELS Fuels are organic combustible substances used for the production of heat energy. Three major types of fuels are used to produce heat and power: solid, liquid and gaseous. Coal is the most important solid fuel. Together with coal such solid fuels as wood and peat are used. Oil is the most important liquid fuel as well as its derivatives produced by the method of distilling crude oil. The use of a particular type of oil is based on its composition and such properties as the calorific value, the flash point, the setting point, the specific weight and the viscosity. Natural gas is of prime importance among gaseous fuels. The chief constituent of natural gas is methane. Combustion of fuel is the chemical combination of the oxidizable elements of the fuel with oxygen. The normal oxygen content in air is 21 %, nitrogen makes up 78 % of air, and the remaining 1 % is made up of other gases such as water vapour, neon, and carbon dioxide. Different kinds of fuels vary greatly in the way in which they burn and in the amount of heat they produce. The quantity of heat generated by completely burning one unit of a fuel is known as the calorific or heat value of the fuel. It is the amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of one kilogram of fuel. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.) 4. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. 5. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: In some circumstances the danger of explosion appears. 6. Найдите во втором абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 7. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 7 TEXT A THE HISTORY OF FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION IN GREAT BRITAIN William I (William the Conqueror) of England (1027 - 1089) decreed one of the first recorded fire prevention regulations. The use of the open hearth for heating and cooking in houses created a fire danger and he ordered all fires be extinguished at night. On the ringing of the evening bell all fires were to be extinguished. King Richard I (1189 - 1199) decreed that walls 16 feet high and 3 feet thick were to be built between the neighbouring buildings to prevent fire spread. This requirement is similar to the modern standard. It requires that parapet walls must prevent fire spread from one building to another. After September 2, 1666, further changes in fire prevention regulations took place. On that day the Great Fire of London began and burned for 5 days. Following that fire the London City Council acted to prevent similar fires. The law was passed that required all homes to be built of brick or stone. Those were the first attempts at controlling fire. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Создавать опасность, издать закон, соседние здания, правила пожарной профилактики, предотвратить распространение огня, по звуку колокола, дальнейшие изменения. 3. Из 3 абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных thick и modern. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами (3) и переведите их на русский язык 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. 7. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 8. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. TEXT B FOAM Foam is a frothy product which is similar in appearance to soap-suds. It is so light that it flows in any liquid. Foam is the most effective extinguishing agent for fires of liquids which are not mixed with water, e.g. petrol, paraffin, spirit, paints, oils and many others. It is well-known that liquids themselves don't burn, but the mixture of air and the vapour given off from these liquids burns. The combustion doesn't occur usually at the surface of the liquid, where the proportion of vapour to air is too great to form a combustible mixture. Foam is used in such quantities to cover the whole surface of the burning liquids with a blanket which excludes air and prevents the formation of vapour.The properties of the foam are the following: flow freely over a surface of the liquid to form a blanket; resist heat, flames and wind; retain its water content for a long period. There are two classes of foam: chemical and mechanical. Chemical foam is produced by a chemical reaction. Mechanical foam does not involve any chemical action in its preparation. It is known that foam has many advantages over vaporizing liquids. Although foam is particularly well suited to fires of liquids, it may also be useful on fires of ordinary combustible materials, such as paper, textiles and so on, when the water supply is limited. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.) 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: Foam flows in any liquids. 5. Найдите в последнем абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 8 TEXT А BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WARRINGTON FIRE SERVICE The history of Warrington Fire Services dates back to the eighteenth century. The first records of fire can date back from 1791. Early in the nineteenth century six insurance companies appeared to deal with fires in property. One of the first indications of the Government's interest in organized fire fighting in Great Britain was given in 1812 - 1813. In that period Parliament passed an Act which stated the fact that «there was no Fire Engine House belonging to Warrington» and «that regulations are wanted for the better governing of the firemen». The Warrington Fire Establishment was formed in 1828 and consisted of six engines. In 1868 Warrington had one of the largest fire pumps in the country. It was a manual engine. During the Second World War the Service was nationalized. After that the Fire Service had to return to the Local Authority control. Since that time Warrington Fire Service has progressed from a continuous duty system to 24 and now the 48 hour week. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Датируется, система постоянных дежурств, страховые компании, пожарные управления, иметь дело с, издавать указ, пожарное депо. 3. Из 1 и 3 абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to have’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Выпишите из текста по одному прилагательному в сравнительной и превосходной форме. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами и/или их эквивалентами и переведите их на русский язык. 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. 7. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 8. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. TEXT B APPLICATION OF WATER Water is the most effective agent for the extinction of fires of ordinary combustible materials, and water is the fireman's best friend. It is predominant because it is cheap and plentiful, and its high latent heat of vaporization renders it suitable for cooling purposes. Water is usually applied with force in the form of a jet to the heart of a fire, but a spray may be preferable in some circumstances. Although water is the most effective extinguishing agent for fires of ordinary combustible materials, there are some either hazards or ineffectiveness. Water is a good conductor of electricity and if applied as a jet on live electrical apparatus or wiring it will place the fireman in danger of electric shock. When it is not possible to extinguish these fires by other means, e.g. carbon dioxide and the cooling effect of water is necessary, the apparatus and wiring must be made electrically dead before jets are applied.It should not be used on materials which react chemically with it. Sodium, potassium and calcium may ignite on contact with water, calcium carbide when wetted gives off inflammable gas acetylene. Water on burning magnesium or titanium is decomposed, and the danger of explosion appears. Water is generally unsuitable for fires involving oils and other inflammable liquids or fats, but in some circumstances it may be applied with caution in the form of sprays. It must be remembered that when water comes into contact with hot oil, violent eruptions or foaming may occur. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.) 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: In some circumstances the danger of explosion appears. 5. Найдите в пятом абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6.Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 9 TEXT A FIRES IN AMERICA At the beginning of the settlement of America there were serious setbacks because of fire. The first permanent colony in Virginia was destroyed by fire and then, in 1623, the colony in Plymouth was nearly destructed by fire. Several reasons can explain why fire was such a hazard in the early American colonies: building their homes the English settlers had to use traditional building methods and materials of rural England. If a fire started the total destruction of all the buildings was almost assured and conflagrations were common. Benjamin Franklin in 1736 recommended the formation of a volunteer fire company and served as the first fire chief in America. Later other famous men were involved in volunteer fire protection. On October, 9, 1871, the fire destroyed most of the city of Chicago. The anniversary of this fire is commemorated by Fire Prevention Day established in 1922. The observance of Fire Prevention Week reminds us of the great destructiveness of fire and the importance of its prevention. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Серьезные препятствия из-за …, постоянное поселение, полное разрушение, добровольная пожарная дружина, начальник пожарной охраны, большой пожар, проведение недели пожарной профилактики, разрушительная сила пожара. 3. Из 2 абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных famous и great. 5. Выпишите предложение с модальным глаголом или его эквивалентом и переведите его на русский язык. 6. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. 7. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 8. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. TEXT B FIRE EXTINGUISHING THEORY The extinguishing theory of fire is based on en interruption of one or more fire ingredients. With flaming combustion the fire may be extinguished by reducing temperature, eliminating fuel or oxygen, or by stopping the uninhibited chemical chain reaction. If a fire is in the smoldering phase of combustion, only three extinguishment options exist: reduction of temperature, elimination of fuel, or oxygen. One of the most common methods of extinguishment is by cooling with water. The process of extinguishment by cooling is dependent on cooling the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapour to burn. In some cases, a fire is effectively extinguished by removing the fuel source. This may be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel. Another method of fuel removal is to allow the fire to burn until all fuel is consumed. The method of extinguishment by oxygen dilution is the reduction of the oxygen concentration to the fire area. This can be accomplished by introducing an inert gas into the fire or by separating the oxygen from the fuel. This method of extinguishment will not work on self-oxidized materials or on certain metals as they are oxidized by carbon dioxide or nitrogen, the two most common extinguishing agents. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.) 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: In some circumstances the danger of explosion appears. 5. Найдите в первом предложении текста предложения причастие I и причастие II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests Вариант 10 TEXT А THE HISTORY OF FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION The efforts to protect property and prevent fires were made in Rome in about 300 В.С. Historians record that a band of slaves was given the task of watching for fires from a high hill and of warning the citizens of fire. This type of captive fire watch was continued until the reign of Caesar Augustus (27 ВС - 14 AD) Under Caesar Augustus the first municipal-type fire department appeared. The command structure was almost identical to that is used by fire department today. There were 7 squads ( fire-fighting forces) that contained from 100 to 1 000 men per squad. Each man within each squad had to fulfill a particular task. For example, he could be a water carrier or perhaps a pump supervisor. Each squad had a supervising officer, who could be compared with the present day battalion chief. When a fire occurred, Roman law demanded that the responsibility and the cause of the fire must be determined. 1. Прочтите текст. 2. Дайте английские соответствия: Защищать собственность, предотвращать пожары, вахта по наблюдению за огнем, силы пожарной охраны, причины пожара, командная структура, в отряде, оператор насосной установки. 3. Из первых двух абзацев текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных high и particular. 5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами (3) и переведите их на русский язык 6. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык. 7. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами. 8. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык. TEXT В DEVELOPMENT OF A FIRE Combustion is a chemical reaction or series of chemical reactions in which heat and light are evolved. All combustion reactions are oxidation reactions even if oxygen itself is not involved in combustion. For combustion to occur three factors are necessary: heat, oxygen and a combustible substance. Removal of one of these factors leads to the collapse of the triangle and combustion ceases. There are often two stages in the development of a fire. At first the fire burns slowly and there is a steady rise in the temperature. In some period of time the combustible material becomes heated to its ignition point and vapors are distilled off from it. Then the fire spreads over the whole of the material and it is sometimes called «a flashover», and a fire that could easily have been extinguished by the use of first aid appliances changes to one that demands the attention of a fire brigade. It often happens that a small fire in a closed room is supported for some time by air which enters through cracks or doors and the combustible materials temperature rises to the ignition point. In a burning building where there are pockets of combustible gases, any inrush of fresh air can mix with the hot gases and form an explosive mixture. Such a condition, known as «back draught», is dangerous to firemen engaged in opening-up building. It is usual that some hose-lines must be ready for feeding of water before the entry into the burning building. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они относятся. 3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.) 4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению: Combustion represents a rapid rate of reaction. 5. Найдите в четвёртом абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык. 6. Составьте резюме: 1) Name/Surname 2) Address 3) Telephone No. 4) Date and Place of Birth 5) Nationality 6) Marital status 7) Education 8) Languages 9) Courses and professional training 10) Work experience 11) Computer skills 12) Interests П Р И Л О Ж Е Н И Е Resume (CV = Curriculum vitae)
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