КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания-s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more... the less.

3. Числительные.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.

5. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.

6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)

Грамматическая функция окончания – s

1. We time our watches by radio.

Мы проверяем свои часы по радио.

Watches — множественное число от имени существительного а watch часы.

2. Our lab assistant watches this scientific TV programme every day.

Наш лаборант ежедневно смотрит эту научную телепередачу.

Watches —3-е лицо единственного числа от стандартного глагола to watch в Present Indefinite.

3.  We hope that the young scientist's experimental work will be successful.

Мы надеемся, что экспериментальная работа молодого, ученого будет успешной.

В слове scientist's - s — окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в единственном числе.

4.  Soviet scientists' research work is of great value for the development of science and engineering.

Научно-исследовательская работа советских ученых имеет большую ценность для развития науки и техники.

Слово scientists' — форма притяжательного падежа имени существительного a scientist во множественном числе.

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)

Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.

1.This Works increases steel production.

Этот завод увеличивает производство стали.

2. This Works increases high-quality steel production.

Этот завод увеличивает производство высококачественной стали.

Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. V)

The great Russian poet Pushkin loved Moscow and spent there nearly a third of his short life.

Великий русский поэт Пушкин любил Москву и провел там почти треть своей короткой жизни.

Loved — Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to love любить; spent - Past Indefinite Active от нестандартного глагола to spend проводить.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, никакую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б)  признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в)  показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.Moscow is one of the world's cultural and scientific centres.

2.The first mentioning of Moscow in chronicles dates back (относится) to 1147.

3.The researcher states that the new method of work is of great importance for the fulfilment of the plan.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).

1.They discussed the 11th Five-Year economic development plan.

2.There are many new machine building factories in the country.

3.Our Institute building is high.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1.This film is more interesting than that one.

2.The more you read, the better you know the subject.

3.The second text is not so difficult for translation as the first one.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1.There are some 150 museums in Moscow.

2.Any museum of Moscow is of great interest to us.

3.Do they take any books with them?

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Muscovites celebrated the 64th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution as their biggest holiday.

2.The Lenin Mausoleum is in Red Square.

3.In 1980 the best sportsmen from five continents met in Moscow.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

MOSCOW

1.Moscow became the capital of the first socialist state in 1918. In those difficult post-Revolution days the work started on the first plan for the construction and reconstruction of Moscow.

2.Now Moscow's boundaries expanded considerably. Moscow today is an advanced socialist industrial city. Moscow is a main production and technical base of the country's socialist industry. There are many new industries in Moscow now, such as: machine-tool building, instrument-making, radio-engineering, electronics, chemical industry, etc. Moscow plants produce such goods as lorries and passenger vehicles, sea-going and river vessels, diesel locomotives, precision instruments and other types of industrial equipment.

3.All these achievements are the result of Muscovites' generous labour, of their greatest desire to make their city even better and more beautiful.

4.Moscow is the capital of a multinational state. The Russians and Uzbeks, Ukrainians and Tajiks study side by side in its institute halls and library reading rooms. They work together at numerous factories and plants of the great capital. Today students who study at higher schools represent all the nationalities of the Soviet Union.

5.Moscow is the heart of the cultural life of the country. The city has some fifty theatres, many concert halls, numerous cinemas, about one hundred and fifty museums, many stadiums and sport halls. It is Moscow that peoples of the whole world look with hope to in their fight for peace and independence.

VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных ниже вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

How many museums are there in Moscow?

1.There are fifty museums in Moscow.

2.There are one hundred and five museums in Moscow.

3.There are about one hundred and fifty museums in Moscow.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Не works only five days a week.

2. We all know the works of this great Soviet writer.

3. We visited Kiev's famous St. Sophia Cathedral.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).

1.These engineers deal with cosmic ray studies.

2.The Kiev, underground is short, but beautiful.

3.This light industry establishment is not far from our Institute.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1.This museum is more interesting than that one.

2.We discussed the most important problems at the meeting yesterday.

3.The more often you use English words in speech, the better you learn them.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1.No student of this group was in Kiev.

2.Some of the students will go on an excursion tomorrow.

3.Any museum of Kiev is of great interest to us.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1.My friend left Kiev for Moscow.

2.Boris and I played chess after dinner.

3.They will be glad to see us in Kiev again.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

KIEV

1.The land of the Ukraine is vast and beautiful, its fields are fertile the energy of the mighty Dnieper River is enormous. The Ukraine represents a large economic region in the USSR. In Soviet times many giant industrial enterprises, dams and hydro-electric stations, thousands of factories, collective and state farms' new cities and towns came into being in the Ukraine.

2.Kiev is the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the Soviet Union. Its population is some two million people.

3. Kiev is the largest centre of national Ukrainian culture. There are many research institutes, the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, many higher and hundreds of secondary schools in Kiev. The University which bears the name of Shevchenko stands in the centre of the city. Kiev has a history that goes back for more than ten centuries.

4. Kiev is a highly developed industrial city. There are many engineering, instrument-building, food processing and light industry establishments in Kiev. The Kiev plants and factories produce complex automatic lathes, excavators, sea and river ships, motor-cycles, electrical measuring instruments, planes, machine-tools, artificial fibres and diamonds. The Ukrainian scientists discovered the way of manufacturing artificial diamonds and developed the methods of electric welding. They made outstanding progress in nuclear physics, chemistry and other branches of science.

5. The Ukrainian Republic exports manufactured goods to more than 70 foreign countries. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian people and the fraternal assistance of the other Soviet people.

VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

Why are the achievements of the Ukrainian Republic so great?

1. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian people.

2. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the other Soviet people.

3. The achievements are so great thanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian people and the fraternal assistance of the other Soviet people.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно: 

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1),

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Nowadays this republic produces tractors and electric apparatus.

2.What is your teacher's name?

3.The scientists achieved great results in this branch of science.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).

1.This power-station equipment is quite new.

2.The lecturer named cotton yarn production figures in the report.

3.The new Institute building is not far from my house.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1.The Moskva River is not so wide and deep as the Neva.

2.The Trans-Siberian railway is longer than any railway in the world.

3.The longer I stayed in Minsk, the more I liked it.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. There are some faculties in our Institute.

2.Any result in our experiment will be of great importance for the whole research.

3.No one knew about this discovery.

V. Перепишите предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1.This student took an active part in the public life of his Institute.

2.Soviet machine-builders use the latest technical achievements in their work.

3.The extra-mural students received paid leaves for their exams.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

MINSK

1.Minsk is the capital of the Byelorussian Republic, its political, economic and industrial centre. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution it was a provincial town with some 100,000 inhabitants. Years of socialist development transformed Minsk entirely. Today it is a large modern city with a population of some 800,000 people.

2.Minsk is a cultural and scientific centre of Byelorussia. It has many museums, but perhaps the most famous are the Museum of the 1st Congress of the RSDLP and the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War.

3.Before the October Revolution there was not a single higher educational establishment in Minsk. There are now thirteen education establishments including the University and many scientific research institutes.

4.Nowadays Minsk is a city of highly developed industry. The powerful MAZ lorries of the Minsk Automobile Works are famous not only in the Soviet Union but far beyond its borders. The designers of the Minsk universal electronic computers, the most popular in the country, were awarded the State Prize. Farmers highly appreciate the new Minsk tractors, which are highly reliable and easy to handle. The Minsk Tractor Works is one of the biggest industrial enterprises. Every day hundreds of bright newly painted machines leave the factory gates. With each passing year the tractor builders perfect their skills and improve the technology of production.

5.Minsk workers are on friendly terms with their colleagues from other countries. Many specialists come here from other countries to perfect their skills.

VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What do many specialists come to the Minsk Tractor Works for?

1. Many specialists come to Minsk only to see the sight of the city.

2. Many specialists come from Poland to Minsk to perfect their skills.

3. Many specialists come here from other countries to perfect their skills.

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.This teacher lectures on Physics.

2.His lectures are of great help to us.

3. This city's art museums enjoy great popularity.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).

1.Many Tajik people work at light and food industry enterprises.

2.The Soviet hydro-turbine construction industry is the most advanced in the world.

3.The new University building in Dushanbe houses many faculties.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1.The Volga is longer than the Thames.

2.The second text is as difficult as the first one.

3.The more exercises we do, the better we understand grammar rules.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1.There are some 6,500 research workers at the Tajik Academy of Sciences.

2.Our country is very large, no other country is equal to it in size.

3.Any student translated this text without a dictionary.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1.The Tajik State University trains specialists for different branches of national economy.

2.Dushanbe train will arrive at 5 o'clock.

3.The delegation of this republic took an active part in the conference.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

DUSHANBE

1.On October 16, 1929 Tajikistan became a Soviet Socialist Republic. Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Dushanbe's area is 12,500 hectares and the population is some half a million people. During the last few years Tajikistan developed heavy industries - electric power, engineering, mining, non-ferrous metallurgy, machine-building and metal-working, and the manufacture of building materials. Tajikistan grows a tenth of the Soviet Union's cotton.

2.Nowadays Dushanbe changes greatly. It is one of the largest industrial cities of the Republic. There are more than a hundred of power and mechanical engineering, metal working, light and food industry enterprises in Dushanbe. Dushanbe's numerous plants and factories produce different goods for the population and various machines for all branches of national economy. More than 200,000 people work at local factories and plants. The city plants and factories send their products not only to all parts of the Soviet Union but also to many countries abroad.

3. Dushanbe is a cultural and scientific centre of the Republic. The city has 33 scientific establishments. The Academy of Sciences, which has 18 research institutes, the State University, Medical and Polytechnical institutes are in the capital.

4. There are also four theatres, 61 clubs, several museums, the Tajik SSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements and a Zoo in Dushanbe. Some 100,000 children attend more than 100 schools; there are 86 hospitals and other medical centres, five stadiums and seven swimming-pools.

5. Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in modern houses. Everywhere we see tall modern buildings, green parks and squares. Every year the inhabitants of the city plant thousands of trees and shrubs. The city changes from day to day and becomes more and more beautiful. The Tajik people love their capital and are proud of it.

VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What houses do must Dushanbe inhabitants live in?

1.Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in old buildings.

2.Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in wooden houses.

3.Most Dushanbe inhabitants live in modern houses.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

1.Everything in Leningrad remains you of the heroic days of October, 1917.

2.The historic Second All-Russian Congress of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants' Deputies was in Smolny, in 1917.

3.He always watches TV programme in the evening.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными (см. образец выполнения 2).

1.Не passed his graduation examinations with excellent marks.

2.Leningrad's plants produce automatic control instruments for underground transport.

3.We have a large State library in our city.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1.The Leningrad metro is as beautiful as the Moscow one.

2.The more you travel, the better you know our country.

3.This problem was more important than that one.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1.Some of these articles are very interesting.

2.Have you any friends in Leningrad?

3.No student can translate this article without the help of a dictionary.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив: переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 2).

1.The legendary cruiser "Aurora" gave the signal for the assault (штурм) on the Winter Palace.

2.Every monument and every building in Leningrad has a history of its own.

3.Leningrad will maintain close contacts with other countries.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2-й 4-й абзацы.

LENINGRAD

1. The magnificent city on the Neva always played a prominent role in Russian and world history. Sixty-five years ago the working people of Russian accomplished the Great October Socialist Revolution here, in Petrograd. This Revolution confirmed in practice the correctness of the revolutionary theory of Lenin, the leader of the world proletariat.

2. A quarter century after the Revolution, in the hard years of the Second World War, Leningrad became a symbol of courage, in the bitter fighting against the nazi invaders.

Almost hundred days and nights of the siege of Leningrad multiplied the combat glory of the city.

3.Hundreds of thousands of students from many countries study in more than 40 higher schools of Leningrad. Leningrad maintains close contacts with many countries.

4.Leningrad plants and factories produce powerful ships and tractors, giant electric turbines for the largest power-stations in the USSR, television sets and refrigerators, rolling mills and precision instruments for various branches of industry and science.

5.Leningrad is a large industrial, cultural and scientific centre. We can see products of Leningrad enterprises in many foreign countries. Leningrad always plays a great role in the development of many important branches of the socialist economy.

VII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

Where can we see products of Leningrad enterprises?

1. We can see products of Leningrad enterprises only in the Soviet Union.

2. We can see products of Leningrad enterprises only in Leningrad.

3. We can see products of Leningrad enterprises in many foreign countries.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Видовременные формы глагола: а) активный залог —формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future), формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future), формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог — формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can —to be able; б) модальные глаголы, выражающие долженствование: must и его эквиваленты to have to и to be to.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функции определения и обстоятельства.

4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

5. Словообразование — суффиксы глагола и основные словообразовательные префиксы.

После изучения указанного материала приступайте к выполнению задания. Все предложения в упражнениях обязательно выполняются письменно. Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)

1. Lobachevsky's geometry had revolutionized mathematics.

Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение в математике.

Had revolutionized - Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize.

2. The new laboratory equipment was sent for yesterday

Вчера послали за новым оборудованием лаборатории.

Was sent for — Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)

1. The changes affecting the composition of materials are chemical changes.

Изменения, влияющие на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.

Affecting - Participle I, определение, переводится причастием

2. When heated to the boiling point water evaporates.

Когда воду нагревают до точки кипения, она испаряется (или: При нагревании до точки кипения вода испаряется).

(When) heated - Participle II, обстоятельство, переводится придаточным предложением или предлогом при + существительное.

3. Heat is radiated by the sun to the earth.

Тепло излучается солнцем на землю.

(Is) radiated - Participle II, часть глагола-сказуемого в Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на особенности - перевода пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. The importance of scientific research is growing with every day.

2.A group of seven engineers had worked out the technology for producing a new alloy.

3.By that time Niels Bohr had already accepted Rutherford's model of the atom.

б) 1. The data of the latest research in this field of science were discussed at our conference.

2.Gold is not affected by moisture.

3.The laboratory of our Institute was given a new task.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle  I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.The only force acting on a freely falling body in vacuum is gravity.

2.When placed over a fire, a substance becomes hot.

3.While studying the properties of electrons atomic physicists solved many other problems.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Radio waves can be used for different purposes.

2. They will be able to create the necessary conditions in the laboratory.

3. He had to come to the laboratory every morning. 

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту

rocket propulsion — ракетные двигатели (букв, движение при помощи ракетного двигателя)

to go into — рассмотреть

on this ... rests — на этом основана

he was the first to suggest — он первым предложил

by the 1930s — к тридцатым годам

some sort of—некоторыми

KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY (1857-1935)

1. К. Е. Tsiolkovsky was born near Ryazan, south of Moscow in 1857. In his childhood he began to take interest in physics and mathematics

2.In 1895 he began to mention space flight in his papers and in 1898 wrote about the necessity for liquid-fuel rocket engines. His first work dealing with the fundamentals of rocket propulsion' was written in 1898, but it was published only five years later.

3.In 1903 Tsiolkovsky began a series of articles for an aviation magazine in which he went into the theory of rocketry and on this his reputation as a pioneer of space flight rests. He wrote of space suits, satellites, and he was the first to suggest space stations. By the 1930s he was a well-known scientist in the Soviet Union. At this time the country was already interested in some sort of space program.

4.Two very important contributions were offered by Tsiolkovsky: the notion of multi-stage rockets, and the idea of using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel.

5.The tombstone on Tsiolkovsky's grave carries the message "Mankind will not remain tied to earth forever". Twenty-two years after his death the Soviet people launched the first man-made satellite, and Sputnik I made a wonderful memorial for this great man. Tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga in 1935.

V. Прочтите 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста и дайте ответ письменно на следующий вопрос:

Why can we say that Tsiolkovsky's dream (мечта) that "mankind will not remain tied to earth forever" is now a reality?

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. The special application of light has led to the development of lasers and masers.

2.The scientists are working on an interesting problem for obtaining power from atom.

3.We solved this problem with the help of computers.

б) 1. The delegation of foreign specialists was shown the new electronics equipment.

2.They will be given new interesting data by the end of the month.

3.The parts of this device are acted upon by more than two forces.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.All objects surrounding us are composed of different substances.

2.If produced by friction heat is usually considered as useless work.

3.Passing through the air alpha-particles ionize it.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Polymers can be used for making different things.

2. They will be able to improve the experimental conditions in their laboratory.

3.The mixture is to be heated before the experiment

4.The laboratory assistant had to alter the experimental conditions.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту

the concretization — (зд.) воплощение

to outstrip his day — опережать -свое время

gifts — (зд.) одаренность, способности

in resolving — в решении

boldness of ... vision - смелость ... предвидения

SERGEI KOROLYOV (1906-1966)

1.Korolyov's biography is the concretization of the history of our land in one man. And at the same time he was always a little ahead, he was outstripping his day and outstripped it during all his life.

2.The name of Sergei Korolyov will forever be associated with one of the greatest achievements of science and technology of all times - the dawn of the age of space exploration by man. He was a leading designer of rocket and space systems.

3.Korolyov's devotion to his work, unusual gifts as a scientist and designer, his energy and outstanding organizational abilities played a major role in resolving the complex scientific and technical problems that stood in the path of development of rocket and space technology. He possessed enormous talent and boldness of scientific and engineering vision and this contributed to the realization of the most complicated scientific and technological projects.

4.Many of Academician Korolyov's ideas were widely applied and extended in rocket and space engineering. He trained many scientists and engineers who are working today in various scientific and design organizations.

5.All his life Korolyov was working and devoted his whole life to selfless service to his homeland, to the development of an advanced science and technology.

V. Прочтите 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста и дайте ответ письменно на следующий вопрос:

What did Sergei Korolyov devote his whole life to?

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Industry has developed various applications for the electromagnet.

2.Newton has established his law of gravitation before 1670.

3.The application of electronics changes the entire life of the people.

б) 1. They will be given the new data of the experiment.

2.The speaker was asked a number of difficult questions.

3.Today polymers are referred to as materials of vital importance.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very great.

2.When placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.

3.Heat produced from electrical energy heats our homes.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.Nobody will be able to measure the density of this substance without a special device.

2.In our experiments the initial substances must be chemically pure.

3. The aim of the study is to provide definite results as soon as possible.

4. The force acting upon the body had to be determined.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту

a matter of time — дело времени

before men were placed in... когда люди будут летать на...

to undergo training — проходить подготовку

the first man to fly— первый человек, который полетел

a. m. (ante meridiem - лат.) — до полудня

a vocational school — (зд.) ремесленное училище

a test pilot — летчик-испытатель

in training — для подготовки

and it was upon him that... и именно на него....

YURY GAGARIN (1934-1968)

1. In the 1960s satellites were travelling at high speeds around the Earth. It was only a matter of time before men were placed in them. In the Soviet Union and in the United States men were undergoing training for this purpose. They were called cosmonauts in the Soviet Union and astronauts in the United States.

2.The first man to fly⁴ into space was a Soviet man, Yury Gagarin. On Wednesday, April 12, 1961 at 9.07. a.m. Moscow Time, the sputnik-spaceship "Vostok" was launched info space with a man on board. This man was the first cosmonaut, Yury Gagarin.

3.Yury Gagarin, the son of a carpenter, was born near Gshatsk (now Gagarin), Smolensk region on the 9th of March, 1934. His early education was interrupted by the war. After the war he attended a vocational school⁶ and then a technical industrial school. His interest in flying led him to the Orenburg Flying school from which he graduated with honours as an airforce lieutenant in 1957. After serving as a test pilot, he joined the group of cosmonauts in training for orbital flight and it was upon him that the choice fell in 1961.

4.On April 12, 1961, Gagarin became the first man placed in orbit about the Earth. He remained in orbit 1 hour and 48 minutes, rising as high above the surface as 187, 66 miles and travelling at a velocity that reached 17,400 miles an hour. So on April, 1961, mankind entered a new era - the era of mastering space age.

5.Yury Gagarin died, tragically, in an airplane crash near Kirzhach on the 27^th of March, 1968.

V. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и дайте письменно ответ на следующий вопрос:

What new era did mankind enter on April 12, 1961?

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. We often use plastics nowdays.

2.Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

3.Scientists had solved many interesting problems by the end of the 19th century.

б) 1. Iron is referred to as the most important metal of our metallic age.

 2. The name electron was given to the small negative particle discovered by Thomson.

3. The ignition was followed by combustion.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle II и установите его функцию, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. When electrified a body may repel as well as attract different objects.

2. Heat gained by one substance is heat lost by another.

3. Another method to produce high-energy particles is based on superconductivity.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.Infra-red waves can be stopped by glass.

2.Soon we shall be able to understand many phenomena which occur on the solar surface.

3.Today the scientists have to concentrate their attention on the production of artificial materials.

4.The samples are to be analysed at our laboratory.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту

to set foot upon — ступить на

when a Captain... — когда некий капитан

joined NASA - поступил (был принят) в НАСА (NASA - National Aeronautics and space Administration — Национальный комитет по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства)

the climax — (зд.) самый ответственный момент

to the very surface — на самую поверхность

a human being — человек, человеческое существо

NEIL ARMSTRONG

1.Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut, is the first man in history to set foot upon the surface of the Moon. He was born in the town of Wapakoneta, Ohio, on the 5th of August, 1930. The Armstrong branch of the family was Scots-Irish and its origins can be traced back seven generations to the early 1800's when a Captain John Armstrong² settled on land in Ohio.

2.It was Neil's father who took him for his first airplane ride, when he was six years old. By the time Neil was nine, he was building model airplanes.

He obtained pilot's licence at the age of 16. At the age of twenty he was assigned to a West Coast jet squadron.

3.After he had graduated from the University in 1955, he joined NASA and was one of the test pilots of the X-15 rocket plane, flying that aircraft to over 200,000 feet and approximately 4,000 miles per hour.

4.In 1962 he became an astronaut and in 1966 he was command pilot of "Gemini 8" when he performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space.

5.The climax of his life, however, came in 1969, when as commander of the "Apollo 11" spacecraft, he and Edwin Aldrin took the lunar module down to the very surface of the Moon. Armstrong was then the first human being in history to set foot upon the very surface of the Moon.

6.He said, "That is one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." After the successful fulfilment of the program the "Apollo 11" spacecraft returned to the Earth.

Since 1972 Neil Armstrong has been University Professor of Cincinnati.

V. Прочтите 6-й абзац и дайте письменно ответ на следующий вопрос:

What did Armstrong say when he set foot upon the surface of the Moon?

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. There are many properties that man has found useful in his application of electromagnetic waves.

2.The flow of electrons in one direction results in an electric current.

3.The energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs of the world are increasing.

б) 1. The isotopes of the element hydrogen were given individual names.

2.Electronics is usually thought of as that part of electricity which deals with vacuum tubes and transistors.

3.The behaviour of metals is greatly affected by the changes in temperature.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1.The Celsius scale (шкала Цельсия) is the scale used in most scientific experiments.

2.When heated to a certain temperature, water increases in volume.

3.Testing the operation of the system, engineers used different kinds of equipment.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Artificial light can be produced in» several ways.

2.You will be able to explain the disagreement between the results.

3.The old machines in this shop are to be replaced by next year.

4.The defects in this metal construction had to be detected by means of X-ray examination.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

to give an impetus — значительно ускорить

reinforced concrete — железобетон

C.A.H.I. - ЦАГИ

of the front rank — выдающийся

to take the lead — сделать что-либо первым

MSTISLAV KELDYSH (1911-1978)

1.Mstislav Keldysh was a distinguished physicist and mathematician. He was recognized in the Soviet Union as a leading authority on space mathematics and aerodynamics, as a brilliant scientific organizer. As head of a research institute during the 1940's he took a leading role in giving an impetus' to Soviet rocket development.

2.Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh was born into an intellectually prominent family on February 10, 1911 in Riga. His father, V. M. Keldysh, a civil engineer, is noted for his work in the development of reinforced concrete.

3.Following his graduation from the Moscow University in 1933 M. Keldysh joined the staff of the Central-Aero-Hydrodynamics Research Institute (C.A.H.I.), the major aircraft development centre in the Soviet Union. During the early years of the 1940's he concentrated on studies in the field of aerohydrodynamics. His studies provided the foundation on which the Soviet Union built its rocket and missile programs achieving success with the satellite Sputnik in December, 1957.

4.M. Keldysh is also regarded as a mathematician of the front rank4. Many mathematical techniques that he devised have proved their practical significance when applied to problems in physics and engineering.

5.In a more practical area M. Keldysh took the lead5 in introducing into the Soviet Union the concepts of computer mathematics, computer engineering, and some aspects of automatic control.

6. M. Keldysh was President of Soviet Academy of Sciences from 1961 to 1975. He died on June 24, 1978. M. Keldysh played fundamental roles in development of country's nuclear, computer and aerospace technologies.

V. Прочтите 5 и 6-й абзацы текста и дайте письменно ответ на следующий вопрос:

What did M. Keldysh do in a more practical area?