Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Студент должен выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра. Студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на цифры 1 или 2, выполняют вариант 1, на 3 или    4 – вариант 2, на 4 или 5 – 3, на 7 или 8 – 4, на 9 или 0 – 5.

Контрольная работа №5

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите  предложения, подчеркните Participle I или Participle II. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    In addition to minimizing typing errors, a mouse makes operating a

 microcomputer easier for beginning users.

2.    The programming languages discussed attracted attention of many users.

3.    Preparing a computer program we translate ordinary business data into machine languages.

4.    When all the errors are corrected and the program is debugged, the CPU will execute the instructions and the results will be tabulated.

5.    Great plants producing computers are equipped with modern machinery.

2.Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните причастные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    All preparations having been made, we started writing the program.

2.    The information having been stored, the computer was ready to operate.

3.    A very basic syntax is used with assembler language, with each line of coding

 being composed of two basic files.

4.    He had our program presented to the team leader.

5.    This programming paradigm cannot be considered as being favourable.

3. Перепишите   предложения, подчеркните и укажите, в роли какого члена предложения употребляется герундий. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    Computer-aided testing is determined by the aims of educational procedure.

2.    Programmers begin solving a problem by developing an algorithm.

3.    Computer teaching programs often involve breaking a learning task down into a series of subtasks.

4.    Most people don’t really understand the process of transforming raw data into usable information.

5.    A computer can be used as a tool simply by using it as a calculator or in complicated programs for analyzing data or displaying data in a clear and interesting way.

4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундиальные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.  The name  of  Bill  Gates  became known all over the world for his having  made

great achievements in computer science.

2.   This programming language owes its fame to looking easy but being hard.

3.  To a large extent the skilled analyst’s productivity may be attributed to his having acquired, through many repetitions, the necessary technique.

4.   His having proved the advantages of the new system is very important.

5.   In spite of being very complicated, the programming language C++ has been learned.

5.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    As soon as we write a program, we shall inform you.

2.    If a program were written too hastily, valuable time might be lost subsequently in implementing the necessary changes.

3.    Unless they had studied programming, they would not have compiled the program.

4.    The system will fail to perform unless the requirements are satisfied.

5.    I wish I knew the difference between machine and assembly languages.

6. Прочтите и письменно переведите текст.

Program Planning

 The programming process begins with a problem statement that helps you clearly define the purpose of a computer program. In the context of programming, a problem statement defines certain elements that must be manipulated to achieve a result or goal. A good problem statement for a computer program has three characteristics:

1. It specifies any assumptions that define the scope of the problem.

2. It clearly specifies the known information.

3. It specifies when the problem has been solved.

In a problem statement an assumption is something you accept as true in order to proceed with program planning. The “known information” is the information that you supply to the computer to help it solve a problem. There are also variables (values that can change) and constants (factors that remain the same) in computer programs.

 Formulating a problem statement provides a minimal amount of planning, which is sufficient for only the simplest programs. A typical commercial application requires far more extensive planning, which includes detailed program outlines, job assignments, and schedules. To some extent, program planning depends on the language and paradigm used to code a computer program. The phrase programming paradigm refers to a way of conceptualizing and structuring the tasks a computer performs. For example, whereas one programmer might focus on the steps required to complete a specific computation, another one might focus on the data that forms the basis for the computation. Quite a number of programming paradigms exist, and a programmer might use techniques from multiple paradigms while planning and coding a program.

 There are different program planning tools, such as flowcharts, structured English, pseudocode, UML diagrams, and decision tables, which are used to provide sufficient planning.

Regardless of the tools used, when planning is complete, programmers can begin coding, testing, and documenting. The process of coding a computer program depends on the programming language you use, the programming tools you select, and the programming paradigm that best fits the problem you are trying to solve. Programmers typically use a text editor, a program editor, or a VDE to code computer programs.

 A text editor is any word processor that can be used for basic text editing tasks, such as writing e-mail, creating documents, or coding computer programs. When using a text editor to code a computer program, you simply type in each instruction. A program editor is a type of text editor specially designed for entering code for computer programs.

 A VDE (visual development environment) provides programmers with tools to build substantial sections of a program by pointing and clicking rather than typing lines of code. A typical VDE is based on a form design grid that a programmer manipulates to design the user interface for a program. By using various tools provided by the VDE, a programmer can add objects, such as controls and graphics, to the form design grid. In the context of a VDE, a control is a screen-based object whose behavior can be defined by a programmer.

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите  предложения, подчеркните Participle I или Participle II. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.  Until being tested this computer program didn’t work correctly.

2.  The students were discussing the advantages of high-level languages when the teacher came.

3.  The avatars are computer animations designed to look and move like real people.

4.  While studying computer systems it is necessary to distinguish between computers and calculators.

5.  The applied method has led to another solution of the problem.

2.Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните причастные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    The object-oriented paradigm being popular, several existing programming languages were modified.

2.    There being different program planning tools, such as flowcharts, pseudocode, UML diagrams, we used them in program planning.

3.    Several extensions of the basic model having been made, we shall pursue the dynamic programming approach.

4.  We have the program debugged.

5.    This method, previously mentioned as affording good results, is being widely used.

3. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните и укажите, в роли какого члена предложения употребляется герундий. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    Beginning the project requires writing programming specifications by a programming team.

2.    The first step in developing a program is to define the problem.

3.    The process of finding the bugs and correcting them is called debugging the program.

4.    Voice input and control systems have the potential of revolutionizing the way we communicate with computers.

5.    By using an information retrieval program students can store their own information or they can retrieve specific items of information and display them on the screen or on paper.

4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните герундиальные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    They succeeded in getting reliable information on dealing with this type of error.

2.    Ch. Babbage’s having designed his Analytical Engine was very important for the development of computer engineering.

3.    I knew nothing of their having completed the program.

4.    This programming language differs from that one by being more complicated.

5.    They insisted on the program being written for Linux operating system.

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    If you make a mistake in the use of the language, your computer will detect it and output a message to tell you that there is a syntax error.

2.    If we had time, we should test the sample twice. 

3.    He could have written the program if he had tried.

4.    He will achieve better results provided he applies this method.

5.    I wish I knew the main types of programming languages.

6. Прочтите и письменно переведите   текст.

Procedural Programming

 The traditional approach to programming uses a procedural paradigm (sometimes called an “imperative paradigm”) to conceptualize the solution to a problem as a sequence of steps. A program written in a procedural language typically consists of self-contained instructions in a sequence that indicates how a task is to be performed or a problem is to be solved. A programming language that supports the procedural paradigm is called a procedural language. Procedural languages are well suited for problems that can be easily solved with a linear, or step-by-step, algorithm. Programs created with procedural languages have a starting point and an ending point. The flow of execution from the beginning to the end of a program is essentially linear – that is, the computer begins at the first instruction and carries out the prescribed series of instructions until it reaches the end of the program.

An algorithm is a set of steps for carrying out a task that can be written down and implemented. An algorithm for a computer program is a set of steps that explains how to begin with known information specified in a problem statement and how to manipulate that information to arrive at a solution. In a later phase of the software development process, the algorithm is coded into instructions written in a programming language so that a computer can implement it. To design an algorithm, you might begin by recording the steps you take to solve the problem manually. The computer also needs the initial information, so part of your algorithm must specify how the computer gets it. Next, your algorithm should also specify how to manipulate this information and, finally, how the computer decides what to display as the solution.

 You can express an algorithm in several different ways, including structured English, pseudocode, and flowcharts. These tools are not programming languages, and they cannot be processed by a computer. Their purpose is to give you a way to document your ideas for program design. Structured English is a subset of the English language with a limited selection of sentence structures that reflect processing activities. Another way to express an algorithm is with pseudocode. Pseudocode is a notational system for algorithms that has been described as a mixture of English and your favorite programming language. A third way to express an algorithm is to use a flowchart. A flowchart is a graphical representation of the way a computer should progress from one instruction to the next when it performs a task.

 Before finalizing the algorithm for a computer program, you should perform a walkthrough to verify that your algorithm works. To perform a walkthrough for a simple program, you can use a calculator, paper, and pencil to step through a sample problem using realistic “test” data. For more complex programs, a walkthrough might consist of a verbal presentation to a group of programmers who can help identify logical errors in the algorithm and suggest ways to make the algorithm more efficient.

 The algorithm specifies the order in which program instructions are performed by the computer. Unless you do otherwise, sequential execution is the normal pattern of program execution. During sequential execution, the computer performs each instruction in the order it appears – the first instruction in the program is executed first, then the second instruction, and so on, to the last instruction in the program.

Вариант 3

1.Перепишите предложения, подчеркните Participle I или Participle II. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    System design progresses through several stages, becoming more detailed in

each stage.

2.     If translated into Russian this article will be of great service to programmers.

3.     Our programming team working on new projects is equipped with modern computers.

4.    An official report released the day after the September attacks highlighted the vulnerability of America’s computer networks.

5.     Having been debugged the program had no errors.

2.Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните причастные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    The first automatic computers being not very reliable, scientists are going on to improve them.

2.    Ch. Babbage designed his Analytical Engine to perform four arithmetic functions, the machine based on the principles of a modern computer.

3.    Computers are considered as the answer to automatic production with the other problems treated as peripheral in nature.

4.    They planned from the first the project as being primarily a communication experiment.

5.    The experiment that is being conducted is of great interest and is thought of as being highly promising.

3. Перепишите  предложения, подчеркните и укажите, в роли какого члена предложения употребляется герундий. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    Programming is the process of creating a list of stored instructions that tell the computer what to do.

2.    Computer-managed learning is processing and storing students’ exam results, registering and timetabling.

3.    Very few people who have tried word processing would consider going back to a paper-and-pencil method.

4.    Programming is the process of creating a list of stored instructions that tell the computer what to do.

5.     In CAL (Computer Assisted Learning) programs are designed to encourage knowledge by finding out and learning rather than by drill and practice.

4. Перепишите   предложения, подчеркните герундиальные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    Programmers insisted on solving a problem by developing an algorithm.

2.    In spite of being very complicated the problem has been solved.

3.    I know of Pascal’s having built an adding machine at the age of 19.

4.    Your having graphed the flowchart helped you to show the structure of the program.

5.        The programming language C++ differs from C by being an object-oriented one.

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    If computers perform routine intellectual tasks, what will be left for humans living in the information society?

2.    Providing all the requirements were met, the efficiency of the device would be increased.

3.    They could have understood the task, if he had explained it clearly.

4.    Provided all the errors are corrected and the program is debugged, the central unit will execute the instructions and the results will be tabulated.

5.    I wish I knew why machine and assembly languages are called “low level”.

6. Прочтите и письменно переведите текст.

Programming.  Control Structures

 Some algorithms specify that a program must execute instructions in an order different from the sequence in which they are listed, skip some instructions under certain circumstances, or repeat instructions. Control structures are instructions that specify the sequence in which a program is executed. Most programming languages have three types of control structures: sequence controls, selection controls, and repetition controls. A sequence control structure changes the order in which instructions are carried out by directing the computer to execute an instruction elsewhere in the program. A sequence control structure directs the computer to the statements they contain, but when these statements have been executed, the computer neatly returns to the main program.

A selection control structure, also referred to as a “decision structure” or “branch”, tells a computer what to do, based on whether a condition is true or false. A simple example of a selection control structure is the IF…THEN…ELSE command. A repetition control structure directs the computer to repeat one or more instructions until a certain condition is met. The section of code that repeats is usually referred to as a loop or “iteration”. Some of the most frequently used repetition commands are FOR…NEXT, DO…WHILE, DO…UNTIL, and WHILE…WEND (which means “while ends”).

 All the first programming languages were procedural.  The first widely used standardized computer language, FORTRAN, with its procedural paradigm set the pattern for other popular procedural languages, such as COBOL, APL, ALGOL, PL/1, Pascal, C, Ada, and BASIC. The procedural approach is best used for problems that can be solved by following a step-by-step algorithm. It has been widely used for transaction processing, which is characterized by the use of a single algorithm applied to many different sets of data. For example, in banking industry, the algorithm for calculating checking account balances is the same, regardless of the amounts deposited and withdrawn. Many problems in math and science also lend themselves to the procedural approach.

The procedural approach and procedural languages tend to produce programs that run quickly and use system resources efficiently. It is a classic approach understood by many programmers, software engineers, and system analysts. The procedural paradigm is quite flexible and powerful, which allows programmers to apply it to many types of problems.

The downside of the procedural paradigm is that it does not fit gracefully with certain types of problems – those that are unstructured or those with very complex algorithms. The procedural paradigm has also been criticized because it forces programmers to view problems as a series of steps, whereas some problems might better be visualized as interacting objects or as interrelated words, concepts, and ideas.

Вариант 4

1.Перепишите  предложения, подчеркните Participle I или Participle II. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    The detailed flowchart is used to show a program in a detailed preparation for coding.

2.    Microcomputers helping much in research work were invented in the 1970s.

3.    Most hard disks are permanently encased within the disk drive in a sealed environment free from dust and dirt.

4.    Having obtained new information the programmers continued their work.

5.    Based on a stage-by-stage schedule, the program embraces different fields of space research and exploration.

2. Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните причастные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    Personal computers being used for many purposes, scientists go on to improve their quality.

2.    Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our time, the information theory is of great importance for the national economy.

3.    We have already mentioned this method as affording good results.

4.    The disk removed, the computer can be switched off.

5.    The problem was recognized by many scientists as being of great importance.

3. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните и укажите, в роли какого члена предложения употребляется герундий. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    Formulating a problem statement provides a minimal amount of planning.

2.    Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal.

3.    There are systems analysts who are responsible for analyzing and designing new applications as well as complete systems.

4.    A high-level programming language is a way of writing programs using English-like words as instructions.

5.    In considering the development of computers we must point out the oldest forms of mechanical devices for calculation.

4. Перепишите  предложения, подчеркните герундиальные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    A mistake can be made without being followed the rules of a programming language.

2.    They objected to using a step-by-step solution to a problem.

3.    The computer’s being used in different spheres of our life is shown in the table above.

4.    I am surprised at your friend’s knowing so many programming languages.

5.    In addition to being difficult to learn, the programming language Java is powerful.

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    If you want the information be available to others over the Web, you will put the information on a server.

2.    If I had to code a computer program, I would choose the programming paradigm that best fits the problem solution.

3.    This could have been noticed by the programmer if he would have inspected his program carefully.

4.    Provided new data are obtained, we shall be able to proceed with our work.

5.    I wish I knew the difference between the compiler and the interpreter.

6. Прочтите и письменно текст.

Object-Oriented Programming

 The abbreviation “OO”, which stands for object oriented, is used to describe a programming paradigm as well as a variety of computer programming languages. The object-oriented paradigm is based on the idea that the solution for a problem can be visualized in terms of objects that interact with each other. In the context of this paradigm, an object is a unit of data that represents an abstract or a real-world entity, such as a person, place, or thing. For example, an object can represent a $10.99 small pepperoni pizza. Another one can represent a pizza delivery guy named Jack Flash. Yet another object can be a customer living at 22 Pointe Rd.

 The real world contains lots of pizzas, customers, and delivery guys. These objects can be defined in a general way by using classes. Whereas an object is a single instance of an entity, a class is a template for a group of objects with similar characteristics. For example, a Pizza class defines a group of gooey Italian snacks that are made in a variety of sizes, crafted into rectangular or round shapes, and sold for various prices. A class can produce any number of unique objects.

 When taking the object-oriented approach to a problem, one of the first steps is to identify the objects that pertain to a solution. As you might expect, the solution to the pizza problem requires some pizza objects. Certain characteristics of pizzas provide information necessary to solve the problem. This information – the price, size, and shape of a pizza – provides the structure for the Pizza class. A class is defined by attributes and methods. A class attribute defines the characteristics of a set of objects.

 Each class attribute typically has a name, scope and data type. One class attribute of the Pizza class might be named “pizzaPrice”. Its scope can be defined as public or private. A public attribute is available for use by any routine in the program. A private attribute can be accessed only from the routine in which it is defined. The pizzaPrice attribute’s data type can be defined as “double”, which means that it can be any decimal number. OO programmers often use UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams to plan the classes for a program.

Although a programmer completes the overall program plan before coding, jump ahead to take a quick look at the Java code for the attributes in the Pizza class. The first line of code defines the name of the class. Each subsequent line defines the scope, data type, and name of an attribute. The curly brackets simply define the start and end of the class.

Class Pizza

{

          public string pizzaShape;

          public double pizzaPrice;

          public double pizzaSize;

}

Вариант 5

1.Перепишите  предложения, подчеркните Participle I или Participle II. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    The syntax and semantics of these languages are very sophisticated, making the translation to a machine language a complex process.

2.    Cybernetics is applied in various branches of industry and research.

3.    Linux being created and maintained by a worldwide army of programmers belongs to no one and is open to all.

4.    Graphic files contain pictures in a specific graphics format used for storing digitally encoded pictures.

5.    While solving this problem I paid much attention to the correct computation.

2. Перепишите   предложения, найдите и подчеркните причастные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    They finished the program, the result being quite satisfactory.

2.    The new methods having been introduced, the computer performance went up.

3.    He regards this concept as being not a simple one.

4.    The information stored, you can access it any time you need it.

5.    Developing a program can be thought of as composed of six essential steps.

3. Перепишите   предложения, подчеркните и укажите, в роли какого члена предложения употребляется герундий. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    Programming a computer involves analyzing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.

2.    Computer professionals are busy attending seminars, conferences and shows and participating in professional associations.

3.    Computers have been important in saving, restoring and studying works of art from the past.

4.    The value of allowing children the freedom to program computers rather than using educational programs is rather disputable.

5.    He can’t solve this problem without being given this program.

4. Перепишите   предложения, подчеркните герундиальные обороты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    In spite of having met with failure they continued developing the program.

2.    The systems analyst insisted on our sending programming specifications to the team leader.

3.    Linus Torvalds’ having written the Linux kernel was a new stage in the development of commercial software industry.

4.    We know of these methods being used in programming process.

5.    There is unmistakable proof of the programming language PHP being popular at creating Web sites.

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.    If your computer cannot handle graphics, you will need to use a non-graphical

browser.

2.    I would use FORTRAN if I calculated checking account balances.

3.    If we had performed a walkthrough to verify that algorithm works, we would have known the results.

4.    You won’t see a runtime error, unless you run a program.

5.    I wish I knew the difference between a source program and an object program.

6. Прочтите и письменно переведите текст.

Programming Languages and paradigms

A programming language, or “computer language”, is a set of keywords and grammar rules designed for creating instructions that a computer can ultimately process or carry out. Programming languages are categorized in several ways. They can be divided into two major categories: low-level languages and high-level languages. They are also categorized by generation and by paradigm.

A low-level language typically includes commands specific to a particular CPU or microprocessor family. It requires a programmer to write instructions for the lowest level of the computer’s hardware. Low-level languages include machine languages and assembly languages.

A high-level language uses command words and grammar based on human languages to provide what computer scientists call a “level of abstraction” that hides the underlying low-level assembly or machine language.

Machine languages were the first languages available for programming computers and, therefore, they are sometimes referred to as first-generation languages. A machine language consists of a set of commands, represented as a series of 1s and 0s, corresponding to the instruction set that is hardwired into the circuitry of a microprocessor. Although machine languages still work on today’s computers, programmers rarely use them to write programs.

At the time assembly languages were first introduced, they were hailed as a significant improvement over machine languages, and came to be known as second-generation languages. An assembly language allows programmers to use abbreviated command words, called op codes, such as LDA for “load”, rather than the 1s and 0s used in machine languages. Today, programmers typically use assembly languages to write system software, such as compilers, operating systems, and device drivers.

When high-level languages were originally conceived in the 1950s, they were dubbed third-generation languages, because they seemed a major improvement over machine and assembly languages. Third-generation languages used easy-to-remember command words, such as PRINT and INPUT, to take the place of several lines of assembly language op codes or lengthy strings of machine language 0s and 1s. Such languages, as COBOL and FORTRAN, were used extensively for business and scientific applications. Pascal and BASIC were popular teaching languages.

C remains popular today for system and application software development.

In 1969, computer scientists began to develop high-level languages, called fourth-generation languages, which more closely resemble human languages, or “natural languages”, than do third-generation languages. Fourth-generation languages eliminate many of the strict punctuation and grammar rules that complicate third-generation languages. Today, they are typically used for database applications.

In 1982, a group of Japanese researchers began work on a fifth generation computer project that used Prolog – a computer programming language based on a declarative programming paradigm. Prolog and other declarative languages became closely identified with the fifth-generation project and were classified by some experts as fifth-generation languages. Other experts disagree with this classification and instead define fifth-generation languages as those that allow programmers to use graphical or visual tools to construct programs, instead of typing lines of code.

Контрольная работа №6

Вариант 1

1.Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-ой  и 5-ый  абзацы.

Databases

1. A database is an integrated collection of logically-related records or files consolidated into a common pool that provides data for one or more multiple uses. Traditionally, data or information was organized into separate files that were not related or combined in any way. However, this approach has three drawbacks: It produces data dependence, creates data redundancy, and does not guarantee data integrity.

2. Computerized databases reduce data redundancy and help ensure data integrity because they can link related files using a common field. For example, the bank could include a customer identification field in all checking, savings, and loan files. Then each customer would be given a unique customer identification number. Changing a particular customer’s address in one file in the database would automatically change it for all the transactions involving that customer. To put this point another way, computer databases can integrate data from separate files. This capability to integrate files increases the flexibility of the data, reduces data dependence, and makes the tasks of modifying reports and adding new data items easier.

3. Database packages may also include data security features to protect the data from individuals not authorized to use it. Specified records or fields, as well as the entire database, can be restricted to prevent modification or access.

4. Databases consist of software-based “containers” that are structured to collect and store information so users can retrieve, add, update or remove such information in an automatic fashion. Database programs are designed for users so that they can add or delete any information needed. The structure of a database is tabular, consisting of rows and columns of information. Online Transaction Processing systems (OLTP) often use a “row oriented” or an “object oriented” data store architecture, whereas data-warehouse and other retrieval-focused applications like Google’s BigTable, or bibliographic database (library catalog) systems may use a Column oriented DBMS architecture. Document-Oriented, XML, knowledge bases, as well as frame databases and RDF-stores (also known as triple stores), may also use a combination of these architectures in their implementation.

5. There are also other types of databases which cannot be classified as relational databases. Most notable is the object database management system, which stores language objects natively without using a separate data definition language and without translating into a separate storage schema. Unlike relational systems, these object databases store the relationship between complex data types as part of their storage model in a way that does not require runtime calculation of related data using relational algebra execution algorithms.

2.Во 1-ом абзаце  найдите Participle II в функции определения. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

3.В 4-ом абзаце найдите предложение с инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства цели. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

4. Прочтите 4-ый абзац   и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What kinds of data store architectures exist?

Вариант 2

1 .Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 4 абзацы.

Types of Database Software

1. Two types of applications software have been developed to work with database files. File management can work with only one file at a time. Database

management system can work with several separate files simultaneously.

2. A file management program enables users to create customized databases and to store and retrieve data from these databases. File management programs come in handy when an individual or small business needs to set up a computerized information storage and retrieval system. Because file management programs are less complex than database management systems, they are inexpensive and usually easy to use. File management programs create flat files. Flat files can be accessed sequentially when most of the records need to be processed, accessed randomly to retrieve a specific record, or sorted (so that the records can be accessed sequentially in a different order). The information stored in a flat file, however, cannot be linked to data in other files.

3. A database management system (DBMS) can link the data from several files. A DBMS controls the creation, maintenance, and use of the database storage structures of social organizations and of their users. It allows organizations to place control of organization wide database development in the hands of Database Administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way.

4. Database management systems are usually categorized according to the database model that they support, such as the network, relational or object model. The model tends to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. One commonly used query language for the relational database is SQL, although SQL syntax and function can vary from one DBMS to another. A common query language for the object database is OQL, although not all vendors of object databases implement this, majority of them do implement this method. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS is independent of the data model, and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from hardware failures. In these areas there are large differences between the products.

5. A relational database management system (RDBMS) implements features of the relational model. In this context, Data’s "Information Principle" states: "the entire information content of the database is represented in one and only one way; namely as explicit values in column positions (attributes) and rows in relations (tuples). Therefore, there are no explicit pointers between related tables." This contrasts with the object database management system (ODBMS), which does store explicit pointers between related types.

6. Until recently, relational databases were considered the most flexible, and therefore most desirable, database structure. In a relational database, data in files are linked through the use of a common keys field. The contents of a key field are unique to one record in the file, enabling the field to be used to identify a record.

2. В 1-ом абзаце  найдите предложение с инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства цели. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

3. В 6-ом абзаце  найдите предложение, содержащее прилагательное в превосходной степени. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

4. Прочтите 5-ый и 6-ой  абзацы   и письменно ответьте на вопрос: How does a relational database management system work?

Вариант 3

1. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы.

Digital Media

1. Digital media (as opposed to analog media) are usually electronic media that work on digital codes. Today, computing is primarily based on the binary numeral system. In this case “digital” refers to the discrete states of “0” and “1” for representing arbitrary data. Computers are machines that (usually) interpret binary digital data as information and thus represent the predominating class of digital information processing machines. Digital media like digital audio, digital video and any other digital “content” can be created, referred to and distributed via digital information processing machines. Digital media represents a profound change from previous (analog) media.

2. Digital data is per se independent of its interpretation (hence representation). An arbitrary sequence of digital code like “0100 0001” might be interpreted as the decimal number 65, the hexadecimal number 41 or the glyph “A”.  

3. Florida’s digital media industry association, Digital Media Alliance Florida, defines digital media as “the creative convergence of digital arts, science, technology and business for human expression, communication, social interaction and education”. Digital media can basically be defined as follows: They are enablers of interaction (i.e. they allow for exchange) particularly the communicative exchange between agents. Such interaction enablers can be structured into three main components:

4. First, a physical component (C-Component) allows for the actual interaction of physical agents. This component can also be referred to as carrier medium or channel system. Second, a logical component (L-Component) comprises a common “language” (i.e. symbols used for the communication between agents and their semantics). Without such a common understanding, the exchange of data is possible (with the help of the C-Component), but not the exchange of knowledge. Third, an organizational component (O-Component) defines a structural organization of agents, their roles, rules which impact the agents’ behavior as well as the process-oriented organization of agents’ interactions.

5. Together, these basic three components have been identified to constitute various kinds of media. Among others, it is appropriate to describe electronic media such as those deployed to support cross-organizational collaboration. Based on these components which already represent a first, scientific approach to modeling, understanding and reorganizing media, a layer/phase reference model has been introduced as well.

6. As opposed to analog data, digital data is in many cases easier to manipulate and the end result can be reproduced indefinitely without any loss of quality. Mathematical operations can be applied to arbitrary digital information regardless of its interpretation (you can add “2”to the data “65” and interpret the result either as the hexadecimal number “43” or the letter “C”). Therefore, it is possible to use the same compression operation onto a text file or an image file or a sound file.

2. В 1-ом абзаце найдите предложение, содержащее страдательный оборот. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

3.В 5-ом абзаце найдите предложение с инфинитивом в функции подлежащего. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

4. Прочтите 6-ой абзац и письменно ответьте на вопрос: What are the advantages of digital data?

Вариант 4

1. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-ый и 6-ой абзацы.

Computer Viruses

1. Viruses are one of the biggest threats to the security of your computer files. Computer viruses invade all types of computers, including mainframes, servers, personal computers, and even handheld computers. To defend your computer against viruses, you should understand what they are, how they work, and how to use antivirus software. The term СV is often used to refer to any malicious code or software that invades a computer system. Many types of malicious code are created and unleashed by individuals referred to as hackers or crackers.

2. A computer virus is a set of program instructions that attaches itself to a file, reproduces itself, and spreads to other files. It can corrupt files, destroy data, display an irritating message, or otherwise disrupt computer operations. A common misconception is that viruses spread themselves from one computer to another. They don’t. Viruses can replicate themselves only on the host computer.

3. Viruses spread when people distribute infected files by exchanging disks and CDs, sending e-mail attachments, exchanging music on file-sharing networks, and downloading software from the Web. To avoid viruses, be cautious of floppy disks, homemade CDs, and Web sites that contain games and other supposedly fun stuff. Check these files with antivirus software before you copy or use them.

4. Many computer viruses infect files executed by your computer – files with extensions such as .exe, .com, or .vbs. When your computer executes an infected program, it also executes the attached virus instructions. These instructions then remain in RAM, waiting to infect the next program your computer runs or the next disk it accesses.

5. A key characteristic of viruses is their ability to «lurk» in a computer for days or months, quietly replicating themselves. While this replication takes place, you might not even know that your computer has contracted a virus; therefore, it is easy to inadvertently spread infected files to other files to other people’s computers.

6. A virus can be classified as a file virus, boot sector virus, or macro virus. A file virus infects application programs, such as games. A boot sector virus infects the system files your computer uses every time you turn it on. These viruses can cause widespread damage to your computer files and recurring problems. A macro virus infects a set of instructions called a «macro» – a miniature program that usually contains legitimate instructions to automate document and worksheet production. When you view a document containing an infected macro, the macro virus duplicates itself into the general macro pool, where it is picked up by other documents.

2.В 3-ем абзаце  найдите предложение с инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства цели. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

3. В 5-ом абзаце найдите предложение с инфинитивом в функции определения. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

4. Прочтите 3-ий, 4-ый и 5-ый  абзацы и письменно ответьте на вопрос: How do computer viruses spread?

Вариант 5

1. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите  и письменно переведите 3-ий и 5-ый абзацы.

Internet

1. The Internet (also known simply as “the Net”) can be briefly understood as “a network of networks”. Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

2. Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous: the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc.; the Web is a collection of interconnected documents, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The World Wide Web is accessible via the Internet, along with many other services including    e-mail, file sharing and others described below.

3. The best way to define and distinguish between these terms is to understand the Internet Protocol suite. This collection of protocols is organized into layers which   communicate with IP (Internet protocol) and TCP (transfer control protocol). Once this networking structure is established, then other protocols can run “on top”. These other protocols are sometimes called services or applications. Hypertext transfer protocol, or HTTP, is an application layer protocol that links billions of files together into the World Wide Web.

4. Toward the end of the 20th century, the advent of the World Wide Web marked the first era in which any individual could have a means of exposure on a scale comparable to that of mass media. For the first time, anyone with a web-site can address a global audience, although serving to high levels of web traffic is still relatively expensive. It is possible that the rise of peer-to-peer technologies may have begun the process of making the cost of bandwidth manageable. Although a vast amount of information, imagery, and commentary (i.e. “content”) has been made available, it is often difficult to determine the authenticity and reliability of information contained in (in many cases, self-published) web pages. The invention of the Internet has also allowed breaking news stories to reach around the globe within minutes.

5. The rapid growth of instantaneous, decentralized communication is often deemed likely to change mass media and its relationship to society. “Cross-media” means the idea of distributing the same message through different media channels. A similar idea is expressed in the news industry as “convergence”. Many authors understand cross-media publishing to be the ability to publish in both print and on the web without manual conversion effort. An interesting number of wireless devices with mutually incompatible data and screen formats make it even more difficult to achieve the objective “create once, publish many”.

2. В 1-ом абзаце найдите Participle I в функции обстоятельства. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

3. В 4-ом абзаце найдите предложение с Participle I в функции подлежащего. Перепишите и переведите предложение письменно.

4. Прочтите 2-ой абзац и письменно ответьте на вопрос: How are the World Wide Web and the Internet interconnected?