Контрольная работа состоит из 10 вариантов и включает в себя  следующие задания: чтения текста, лексических заданий, грамматических заданий, написания аннотации к тексту.

Вариант контрольной работы определяется по последней цифре студенческого билета, если номер студенческого билета оканчивается «0», то студент выполняет вариант № 10.

Например:

ВАРИАНТ 1

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а)

1 Soviet chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.

2 Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.

б)

1 BecquereFs discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.

2 Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

Задание 2 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1 Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.

2 The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.

3 This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.

4 When passing through an electroscope, X-rays cause its discharge.

Задание 3  Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения па русский язык

1 One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.

2 Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.

3 Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

4 Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce — усиливать, укреплять).

Задание 4  Прочитайте и устно переведите с  1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й н 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

Herman Helmholtz—Герман Гельмгольц

celebrated — знаменитый, прославленный

ophthalmoscope — офтальмоскоп

 colour-blindness   —дальтонизм,   неспособность   глаза   различать некоторые цвета

through — из-за, благодаря

vortex motion — вихревое движение

versatile — разносторонний, многосторонний

ultimately - в конечном счете, и конце концов

HERMAN HELMHOLTZ1 (1821-1894)

1   Herman Helmholtz is celebrated2 for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at Berlin in 1838.

2   His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the discovery of the ophthalmoscope3 (1851), followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness4. He also made fundamental contribution to the under­standing of the structure and mechanism of the human eye.

3   Helmholtz" s first, and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of force. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through5 central forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included the famous paper on vortex motion6 (1858), and the application of the principle of least action to electrodynamical problems.

4  Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile7 of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist. But it seems probable that apart from his work on the

conservation of energy he will ultimately8 be remembered more for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed,

ВАРИАНТ 2

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций

а)

1. Today scientists are still looking for the substance as a source of energy.

2. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.

б)

1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s. 2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

Задание 2 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces,

2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.

3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.

4.  Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.

Задание 3 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведете предложения на русский язык

1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.

2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.

4.  The chemists may use the reactor to analyse various substances for their exact composition.

Задание 4 Прочитайте и устно переведите с  1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

honorary board — доска славы, почета

in compiling this-собирая все материалы и факты

some sixty in all — всего около шестидесяти

verbally — устно

D.I. MENDELEYEV (1834-1907)

1  A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board1 of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses — Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galilei, Newton and Lavoisier. D.I. Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as. a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.

2  D.I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and last child of the Director of the Gymnasium at Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father has also studied. In 1856 he took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry.

3 In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great textbook of chemistry, known in its English translation as the "Principles of Chemistry". In compiling this2, he tried to find some system of classifying the elements — some sixty in all3 then known — whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally4 to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869.

4 In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendeleyev" s achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress

ВАРИАНТ 3

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а)

1 The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.

2 Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

б)

1 Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.

2 The launching of Sputnik 1 was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

Задание 2  Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1 These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2 The formula E=mc2 deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.

3 Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

4 Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

Задание 3 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1 Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

2 The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.

3 These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

4 Ethylene gas maybe obtained by cracking petroleum.

Задание 4 Прочитайте и устно переведите с  1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

Meitner - Майтнер

doctorate—докторская степень

then available — доступные в то время

illustrious — прославленный, известный

productive — плодотворный

LISE MEITNER1 (1878-1968)

1 In 1938, an Austrian physicist named Lise Meitner announced the splitting of the atom in the laboratory. That announcement confirmed once again the beginning of the Atomic Age. At that time Lise Meitner was one of the few persons in the world who had a thorough understanding of atomic energy and the uses which could be made of this great power.

2 Lise Meitner, the daughter of a lawyer, was born in Vienna on the 17th of November 1878. She grew interested in science when she read of the Curies' discovery of radium. The example of Marie Curie showed that a woman was able to achieve something in science. Use Meitner became the first woman in the history of the University of Vienna who earned her doctorate2 in physics.

3 In 1906 she went to the University of Berlin to continue her studies by attending the theoretical lectures of Max Planck and by doing experimental work. Then she began her research in the new field of radioactivity. She focused her attention on the behaviour of beta radiation from radioactive elements, experimenting with the primitive methods then available3 for measuring and analysing radioactivity. Meitner"s work in the 1920s and early 1930s emphasized the physical aspects of radioactivity.

4 In 1938 she left Germany for Sweden. Use Meitner declined to work on the development of the atom bomb remaining in Sweden throughout the war. She was 7 concerned with the properties of new radioactive isotopes, produced by the cyclotron. Her career was illustrious4 and productive5 (she published more than 135 scientific papers), but throughout her life she remained a shy person, with a deep interest in music. Her devotion to science had been total. She never married. In 1960 she moved to Cambridge, England, where she died in 1968.

ВАРИАНТ 4

Задание 1   Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните с каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание па перевод пассивных конструкций.

а)

1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.

2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying (he minds of many scientists.

б)

1. Today many polymeric materials are produced on a massive scale.

2. Many compounds can be decomposed when they arc acted upon by different forms of energy.

Задание 2 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled.

2.Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.

3.The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.

4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.

Задание 3 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. Heat can be divided into three different types.

2. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.

3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.

4. The existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.

Задание 4 Прочитайте и устно переведите с  1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

Raman - Раман

pre-eminent - выдающийся, превосходящий других

the Civil Service—государственная служба

to appoint to a position - назначить на должность

to testify to—свидетельствовать о

to occupy the chair—возглавлять кафедру, заведовать кафедрой

brought—зд. привлек

to emerge-зд., проявить себя

СН. V. RAMAN1 (1888-1970)

1  Raman was an Indian physicist, pre-eminent2 in molecular spectroscopy and acoustics. He created the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and was its president until his death in 1970. He was justly considered the father of Indian science and the Indian Government honoured him with the first of its National Professorships. In 1957 he became an International Lenin Peace Prize Winner.

2 The son of a teacher and lecturer, Raman entered the College in Madras in 1903 and achieved the highest distinctions in the examinations for scientific degrees. As scientific research was at this time almost completely neglected in India, he then entered the Civil Service3 and was appointed to a position4 in the Finance Department in 1907. He retained this employment for ten years, mostly in Calcutta. When he was eighteen years old he published his first original optical research in the "Philosophical Magazine". He continued scientific work in his spare time: some thirty papers testified to5 his ability and energy and helped to make his name familiar to scientists in Europe and America.

3  In 1917 Raman was offered the professorship of physics at the Calcutta University. He occupied the chair6 from 1917 to 1933. Raman brought7 to Calcutta many talented young Indians to undertake research into optical phenomena, acoustics and other branches of physics.

4 During the years in Calcutta Raman emergedS as a truly international figure. In 1930 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him). Raman was honoured by universities and scientific institutions in the Soviet Union, Europe and America as well as in his own country.

ВАРИАНТ 5

Задание 1  Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций

а)

1 Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

2 Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century.

б)

1 The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons.

2 As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.

Задание 2 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1 The cloud chamber (камера Вильсона) is one of the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.

2 Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

3 One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.

4 When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.

Задание 3 Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите.

1 We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.

2 A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.

3 New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.

4 To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments.

Задание 4 Прочитайте и устно переведите с  1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

Powell - Пауэлл

particle physics - физика элементарных частиц

the Pugwush Conferences - Пагуошские конференции

were determined — были полны решимости

won a scholarship - получил (по конкурсу) стипендию

position — должность

sub-nuclear particle — субъядерная частица

C.F. POWELL1 (1903-1969)

1  Powell was a prominent English scientist noted for his techniques and discoveries in particle physics2. He was also deeply concerned with problems relating to the social responsibility of scientists. Powell was a leader in the World Federation of Scientific Workers in the mid-1950s and was a founder of the Pugwush Conferences3 on Science and World Affairs in 1957. As a public man and in his published articles Powell stressed the perils of destructive weapons and the need for international cooperation.

2 Powell was born in December 1903 in England. His parents were poor and they were determined4 to give their children a good education to increase their opportunities for a better life. In 1921 Powell won a scholarship5 of one of the colleges at Cambridge which he graduated in 1925 with First-class honours in science. He 10 started his scientific career at the Cavendish laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford. After gaining his scientific degree at Cambridge in 1928 Powell accepted a position6 at the new Physics laboratory in the University of Bristol. Powell spent the rest of his ca­reer there advancing to professor in 1948 and director of the laboratory in .1964.

3 In 1947 Powell's Bristol group identified a new particle in the cosmic radiation. Powell and other two scientists discovered the тг-meson and demonstrated that this sub-nuclear particle7 was produced directly in nuclear reactions and rapidly decayed in flight, producing the тг-meson. The discovery solved a complicated scientific problem and helped open a new era of particle physics.

4 Powell continued to develop and apply the photographic method of Bristol. His laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries in meson physics and an international training centre for physicists of many countries. In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his development of the photographic method and his meson discoveries.

ВАРИАНТ 6

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите видовременные формы глаголов и залог, укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык 

1. In France trade unionism has played a very important role for many years in securing social advance.

2.Great changes are taking place in the former socialist community now.

3.1 n the 19th century much attention vas paid to Oven's Ideas of peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism.

4.The name of R. Owen and his ideas are known today.

Задание 2 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая вникание на особенности перевода на русский язык причастий (Participle I, Participle II) подчеркните причастия. Помните, что причастие в предложении может выполнять функции определения, обстоятельства или составной части глагола - сказуемого.

1.Fighting for his ideas R.Owen started agitation for a factory reform.

2. When asked about the talks the president said that he vas very optimistic about them.

3.The Community established for the unemployed made R.Owen famous and he was soon invited to the United States of America.

Задание 3 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент

1 R. Oven had to work; a lot to defend his educational ideas11

2 He was sure that his system of education would be able to change the living conditions of the poor people,

3 The largest of the union are to discuss the present situation.

Задание 4  Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

Пояснения к тексту

It was under the influence of R. Owen that....- Именно под влиянием Р. Оуэна.

He did so well in business...- его дела шли настолько хорошо

a superintendant - управляющий

the evils of bourgeois society - пороки капиталистического общества.

through a number of socialist reforms -посредством ряда социалистических реформ.

the forerunner - предвестник.

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

1 R. Owen is known to be one the most influencical Utopian socialists of the

19th century. His name is also closely associated with the emergence and development of the British trade union movement. It was under the influence of R. Owen that the first national trade union in Great Britain was .in 1834.

2 R. Owen was born in 1771 in Newton, Wales, in a family of a merchant. At the age of 10 he had to leave a local school and begin working at a pit. He did so well in business that at 19 he became superintendant of a large cotton mill in Manchester and later manager and a partner in the Manchester firm.

3  R.Owen was deeply interested in reformist ideas. He critisized the evils of the bourgeois society and thought of creating a better one through a number of socialist reforms. In 1817 he published his ideas that made him the forerunner of socialism and cooperative movement.

4 In his papers R. Owen advocated a complete reorganization of the society. In 1820 he wrote of the necessity of a transformation of a social order by establishing communities based on collective labour and collective ownership of production. He even sponsored and encouraged a number of experimental topian communities.

5 In the 1820-s R. Owen was Invited to the USA where he was to found an experimental communist community. But his Utopian project failed. On coming back to Britain R. Owen started organizing cooperative societies.

6 Owen's socialists views attracted young workers and became very popular. His doctrines were widely accepted due to the development of trade union movement and the emergence of the working class. They became an expression of workers' aspirations and provided the basis for world wide cooperative movement.

7 Critisizing capitalism and its contradictions R. Owen did not accept the necessity of class struggle. His reformist Utopian views could not but influence the development of the trade union movement in Britain at the beginning of the 19th century. R. Owen died at the age of 87.

ВАРИАНТ 7

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите видовременные формы глаголов и залог, укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1 Russian scientists have made many wonderful discoveries.

2 The resolution was adopted yesterday.

3 They were discussing this problem when we came in.

4 You are invited to fane part in the conference.

II Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык причастий (Participle I и Participle II ). Подчеркните причастия. Помните, что причастие в предложении может выполнять функции определения, обстоятельства или составной части глагола – сказуемого

1 The economic crisis of 1877-79, know as the worst in British industry, shoved that Britain's industrial monopoly had come to an end.

2 Among the first decrees issued by the new government in Russia were those providing for an eight-hour working day/worker's control over production and social security system.

3 3.While being still young he displayed great abilities for learning.

Задание 3 Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол иди его эквивалент, переведите предложения на русский язык

1 could not come yesterday because I was busy.

2 He had to read the text some times, because it was difficult.

3 3.We are to leave on Monday.

Задание 4   Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст

Пояснения к тексту

to display remarkable ability in science - проявить блестящие способности пауке.

the "Principia" - "Начала"

are true to this day - не потеряли своего значения до сегодняшнего дня.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

1 Isaac Newton is universally recognized as one of the greatest scientists of all times. Isaac Newton was born in 1642. In his youth he was known as "a silent, 13 thinking boy". At the age of 19 he entered Cambridge University where he displayed remarkable ability in science. At 26 Newton became, a professor at the University. His main interests were mathematics, electrical mechanics and physical optics.

2 At twenty-two he began studying the theory of gravity. Many people already knew that the planets moved endlessly round the sun. But nobody could explain what kept them moving. Newton showed that the motions of the planets were the natural result of universal laws of nature. His great work, the "Principia" was published in 1687. In this book Newton clarified all that he had-discovered about the movements of planets and their satellites. He said that a body in motion would continue to travel in a straight line forever unless some force vas applied to stop it.

3The laws of gravity enabled him to explain many mysteries of the structure of the. universe. Newton showed how the mass of the sun could be calculated from the speed and distance of any planet. He calculated the force of gravity between the sun and the planets and the quantity of matter in all these objects. He showed that the weight of the same у would be twenty-three times greater at the surface of the sun that at the surface of the earth. He found the true size and shape of the earth.

4 The "Principia" created a wave of interest all over Europe and made many scientists become angry. Most of them could not believe that great planets were hanging in empty space, and were kept in their orbits by an unseen power of the sun.

5 Newton's results were better that anything that human reason had reached before Newton. He proved that mechanical laws acting on the earth, that is, in the world in which we live, are connected with mechanical laws of the whole universe.

6 That Newton discovered the three most important laws of motion is known to everybody. For all practical purposes these laws of motion are true to this day but they are only part of Newton s contribution to physical science.

7 Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

ВАРИАНТ 8

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите видовременные формы глаголов и залога укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1 1.We are living and learning from life.

2 Interest in economics has increased considerably.

3 They did not belive what they had seen.

4 His articles are often published in the magazine.

Задание 2 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, ообращая внимание на особенности перевода: на русский язык причастий, ( Participle I и Participle II ). Подчеркните причастия. Помните , что причастие в предложении может выполнять функции определения, обстоятельства или составной части глагола-сказуемого

1 Great Britain still remains a leading country in wool, production.

2 Nearly all- the raw material used in factories of Great (Britain must be imported from abroad.

3 While visiting Nagasaki I could see peace activities held in support of the call for abolition of nuclear weapons.

Задание 3  Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент, переведите предложения на русский язык

1 The meeting of miners was to begin on Tuesday.

2 During World War II British trade unions had to organize the control of the key industries.

3 The conference of the British labour party adopted a resolution demanding that the government should limit-arms race.

Задание 4 Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

Пояснения к тексту

the  international  Transport  Workers  Federation  -Международная федерация транспортных рабочих.

The Amalgamated Engineering Union — Объединённый профсоюз (to amalgamate - сливаться, соединять) Машинистов.

to affiliate oneself with- присоединиться к ...

the Social Democratic Federation- Социал-демократическая федерация

Eleonor Marx- Элеонора Маркс,дочь К.Маркса

extra pay for overtime- дополнительная плата, за сверхурочные часы работы

The Great London dock strike- Великая Стачка докеров в Лондоне

Tom Mann (1856 -1941)

1 Тот Mann was a prominent British trade union leader. His name is closely associated with the emergence and development of the trade union movement in Great Britain. He was the first president of the International Transport Workers' Federation and the first General Secretary of the Amalgamated Engineering union in Britain. He is known to be an exponent of the revolutionary trade unlonisn.

2 Tom Mann was born in 1856 near Coventry in England. His father was a clerk and his mother died when Tom was quite a child. He studied at school for three years and at the age of nine he had to begin working in a pit. After four years of work the pit was closed and the family had to move to Birmingham where T. Mann worked at an engineering plant and could continue his education at a night school.

3 At that time the trade union movement in Britain gathered strength and steadily expanded its influence. In 1881 T. Mann joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and took an active part in its work. Soon he. got deeply interested in the 15 scientific theories of socialism and affiliated himself with the socialist movement. Having returned from his trip to the United States of America T. Mann joined the Social Democratic Federation and being one of its popular speakers he was preaching Marxism and revolutionary socialism. By 1885 when T. Mann was 29 he had written a pamphlet in which he called on workers for unity and militancy. His name was be­coming popular among the working people.

4 In July 1888 workers of many trades in London vent on strike. The life in the city was almost paralysed. Under the leadership of socialists, with Eleonor Marx as secretary of the strike committee, the principal demands were worked out: a minimum engagement of four hours. Supported by an unprecedented wave of the international solidarity the strike lasted for over four weeks and was a success. In 1989 T. Mann was one of the organizers of the Great London dock strike .and in 1896 he became the first president of the International Transport Workers Federation.

5 In the 1890s he was a secretary of the newly formed Independent Labour Party headed by James Keir Hardie . During the first decade of the 20th century T. Mann was engaged in Australia as a union organizer. T. Mann died in 1941 at the age of 85.

ВАРИАНТ 9

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите видовременные формы глаголов и залог, укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1 Shakespeare's plays were written in poetry.

2 After he had left school he began working at a plant.

3 We were discussing .the first question when the delegation came.

4 They have been friends ever since they met at the conference.

Задание 2 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык причастий /Participle I и Participle II/. Подчеркните причастия, помните, что причастие в предложении может выполнять функции определения, обстоятельства или составной части глагола-сказуемого

1 The Congress was attended by delegations from many countries representing 60,000,000 organized workers.

2 Looking at the map one can see that Great Britain is separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel.

3 The man reading near the window is our English teacher.

Задание 3  Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент, переведите предложения на русский язык

1 Great Britain was able to create a powerfull heavy industry earlier than any other country of the world.

2 The British home market/ Британский внутренний рынок/, cannot consume more than half of the produced goods. New markets abroad must be found.

3 During the debates he had to change his point of view.

Задание 4  Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

Пояснения к тексту

Surprisingly little is known - Удивительно мало известно

He is thought to have left Stratford for London. - Полагают, что он уехал из Стратфорда в Лондон.

by collaborating with ethers - сотрудничая другими

WILIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)

1 Wiliam Shakespeare was one of the greatest dramatists and one of the most famous playwrights of the world. He was born at Stradford-on-Avon on the 23rd of April, 1564. Surprisingly little is known of his life. It is probable that he was educated at Stratford Grammar School. The next thing we know definitely is that in 1582 at the age of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway, a woman eight years older than himself, and that by 1585 three children had been born of the marriage. He is thought to have left Stratford in 1585 for London.

2  Whether he took his wife and children with him to London or what he himself did there before 1592 is not known, but from a pamphlet published in that year by 17 Robert Greene we have news of him as an actor and a playwright. In 1593 Shakespeare was a member of the Lord Chamberlain's Company, writing plays for it and acting with it in various theatres. In 1611 when still under fifty years of age Shakespeare retired to his native town. He died there on the 23rd of April, 1616.

3  Shakespeare probably began his work as a dramatist by collaborating with others and improving old plays which his company wished to revive.

4 Soon his town comedies were staged and his historical plays began to appear. Many of his best plays, such as "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "The Merchant of Venice", "King Lear", "Macbeth", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Othello", etc. are still as popular as ever and are played at theatres all over the world.

5  Shakespeare's literary work is usually divided into three periods. The first period falls between 1590 and. 1600. .His comedies belong to this period. The plays of this period are notable for their light wit and optimism. The heroes are the creators of their own fate. The plays of this period are "The Comedy of Errors", "The Taming of the Shrew", "Much Ado About Nothing", etc.

6 Shakespeare was not only a playwright but a poet too. His 154 sonnets were published in 1609. All his famous tragedies appeared between 1600 and , 1608. This was the second period of his full maturity.

He presents great human problems. He proves that it is not enough to be clever in order to achieve happiness, that human relations depend on social problems. He shows the social injustices and suffers from them together with roan. Something must be done to change the world, the laws of man and his morals. This is stressed in the great tragedies of Hamlet and King Lear. His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissance.

ВАРИАНТ 10

Задание 1 Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите видовременные формы глаголов и залог, укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1 The train had already left by the time we arrived.

2 This book was published last year.

3 It was raining when I left home.

4 The audience enjoyed the concert very much.

Задание 2 Перепишите, следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык причастий (Participle I и Participle II ).Подчеркните причастия. Помните, что причастие в предложении может выполнять функции определения, обстоятельства или составной части глагола-сказуемого

1 Delegates passed a resolution calling for the holding of a special conference.

2 While being quite young he was interested in poetry.

3 The marchers representing trade unions of machine-bilding industry started -to the centre of London.

Задание 3 Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент, переведите предложения на русский язык

1 His life was full of difficulties which he had to overcome.

2 It should be stressed that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice.

Задание 4  Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

Пояснения к тексту

More than anything else —больше всего

ERNEST HEMINGWAY (1899 - 1961)

1 When, the sad news of Hemingway1 s death was announced in July/ 1961 many Soviet-people felt that the world had lost one of the most outstanding writers of the 20th-century.

2 Hemingway was born in Oak Park near Chicago USA in 1899. He began to write fiction. In 1923 his first books were the reflection of his war experience. The novels "The Sun Also Rises" (1926) and "A Farewell to Arms" ( 1929) in which the anti-war protest is particularly powerful belong to this period.

3 As a boy, Hemingway spent much time hunting fishing and exploring in, the mild country of northern Michigan. Ernest was a skilful boxer and an excellent shot. Hot once he ran away from hone and tried different Jobs which: helped him to learn the gloomy side of life.

4 In later years, he was attracted to bullfighting in Spain and big game-hunting .in Africa. His observations provided background 'for many stories in whit man's courage, in facing with strong physical forces.

5 Hemingway was a soldier. He fought in Italy during World War I. In (1936-1938) took part In the Spanish Civil War as a war correspondent. More than anything else-he hated war and fascism. His impressions and his sympathies which were on the side of. the Republicans-found reflection. In he famous play «The Fifth Column» and in a number of short stories.

6 For many years Hemingway lived in Cuba and was a friend of the people of this beautiful island. His last works are "Across the River" and "Into the Trees" (1950) and "The old Man and the Sea" (1952) which was awarded the Nobel prize.

7 Hemingway's manner is characterized by deep psychologism. The inner world of human beings, their emotions are in-the centre of his attention. His style is laconic and somewhat dry. Much more is implied than is expressed in plain words. This makes Hemingway a prominent short story writer.

8 Once he said: "The main critics of one's work are, the mind and the heart. Perhaps the heart even more than the mind because the mind can sometimes agree to a compromise but the heart-never. The "truth-only the trutc-that is what one must write. Hemingway"s woks have great truth in them; truth about people and the world.