ВАРИАНТ I

Задание 1. Переведите данный текст письменно на русский язык.

The Land Use Planner and His Work

Land has much to do with our needs and the way we fulfil them. Many of our activities we devote to getting the basic items of food, shelter, and clothing. We need highways and automobiles, forests and railways and many other things. It is likely that if we had all that we could list, new wants would arise. And again we would be faced with the problem of how to satisfy them.

Land is necessary to satisfy man’s needs. The people’s needs can be satisfied only if we secure the best uses of land resources.

It is true that no progress in satisfaction the needs of man can be made if no labor is applied. If we want to live better we must work better. No progress can be made if labor is applied without intelligence. The land use planner is to secure wise land uses.

The land use planner must decide whether to use a tract for a home site or for crops, or whether to use a valley to produce com. He is to decide whether to use the river bottom land for growing tomatoes and cabbage. He is to be aware of the ability of land to satisfy wants when it is used for pasture or when it is used for wheat. He must know its productivity in each use. He must know many things about the land ability.

The land use planner determines which acreages to employ in each land use. He decides whether the land should be used now or later and how it must be used. He plans the living centers and the field patterns and many other services that land can supply. He must consider the best uses of the land.

The land use planner determines not only the productivity of land. He has to distinguish between the physical productivity and the economic productivity of the land. He is to know the productivity of the land itself and that of labor, capital and other resources. The general principle is: each hectare of land should be given to the use in which its economic productivity is the highest.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be. Переведите предложения.

1. Land use planner … a very old profession.

2. The rights on land … the key factor that determined the economic, social and political status of people.

3. In future effective land use planning … … impossible without land information.

4. Land … necessary to satisfy man’s needs.

5. He … preparing for the exams yesterday.

6. There … vast land resources in Russia.

Задание 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму:

1. Lands are very important resources for man.

2. Those farmers used the river bottom land for growing tomatoes and cabbage.

3. We have unlimited land resources on our planet.

Задание 4. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных.

Good, important, happy, strong, careful, wet

Задание 5. Напишите прописью следующие числительные:

14, 182, 936, 2008, 78429, 3/8, 15.02

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения:

1. Land use planning is a process … managing the use and development … land resources … a sustainable way.

2. The cadastre is used … record information … land rights, valuation, land use, etc.

3. We speak … land as something … which people can walk and build a house, plant a garden or grow a crop.

4. The quality … farm land may be also affected …water pollution, particulary … accumulation … heavy metals … the soils … waste disposal.

5. The population should actively participate … the process … land use planning.

Задание 7. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам.

land use planning, start, purpose, similar, need.

ВАРИАНТ II

Задание 1. Спишите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Soil Assessment and Land Evaluation

Soil assessment, land quality and productivity evaluation, economic evaluation of land registration of land uses are the main concepts of land cadastre.

The comparative evaluation of soil, for example, as regards their natural productivity is known as soil assessment. The rating of the natural soil properties influencing yields is the aim of soil assessment. The land use planners consider the factors which determine both the potential and actual fertility. Land productivity evaluation embraces various factors affect strongly the final economic results.

Soil assessment is the first stage in evaluating land. The next stage is land productivity evaluation which is, in fact, a correction of soil assessment by coefficients for climate, humidity, etc. The economic evaluation of land comes as a final, concluding stage of the complete evaluation of land as a means of production.

Soil assessment and land productivity evaluation are both characterized by a comparatively great stability as compared to the economic evaluation of land. Due to the fact that it is based on economic indices the economic land evaluation can vary from year to a considerable extent. The economic land evaluation is subject to considerable fluctuation.

The use of calculated yields of crops is rather common for all the methods of land evaluation. A common feature of the approach to land evaluation is the combining of land evaluation and land supply. A general concept, known as “land cadastre” gives expression to that relation which is, in fact, both qualitative and quantitative assessment of land used in agriculture.

Soil assessment and land productivity evaluation are actually valid only at a definite level of technology of crops. The change of crop rotation system and of fertilizer application, etc., results in a respective change in the evaluation values of soils and ecologic conditions. Therefore it is necessary to repeat economic evaluation of land or correct the existing one by suitable methods.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be. Переведите предложения.

1. Those specialists … busy with cadastral survey.

2. Land use planning … concerned with different sciences.

3. There … vast land resources in Russia.

4. Last year there … the highest crop in this region.

5. This book … … translated into English soon.

6. I … a student of the Land Use Planning faculty.

Задание 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. Land use planning is impossible without land information.

2. These farmers of this zone use all their land to pasture cattle.

3. Maps showing all the factors that affect the land uses are useful.

Задание 4. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных.

Bad, difficult, heavy, clean, expensive, hot.

Задание 5. Напишите прописью следующие числительные.

17, 384, 581, 3007, 87693, 4/6, 2.503

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения:

1. The complex … land use planning work … modern conditions provides the actions connected … redistribution … land and formation … new land uses, fixing … nature the borders … the sites, … complex research and estimation … land, creation … land fund … compelled immigrants and granting the sites … them, etc.

2. The work … a land use planner is often connected … agriculture.

3. Land economic evaluation serves as a basis … application … modern science and technology … farming.

4. Most needleleaf forests grow … the north … our country.

5. Soil surveys show the distribution … soil classes … maps.

Задание 7. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам.

community, activity, land, stakeholder, contamination.

ВАРИАНТ III

Задание 1. Спишите данный текст и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

Productive Land for Agriculture

Land for agriculture must have plenty of moisture from precipitation or irrigation to produce plants. But irrigation requires precipitation, somewhere, to provide the water. Plenty of moisture we can have only in or from the humid areas.

Irrigation in the Caucasus is possible because of the mountains. Winds passing over the mountains are forced upward, cooled and caused to precipitate their moisture as rain and snow, which in due season provide water for irrigating the land.

Without the mountains, we would have little irrigated farming. That is why we must manage the forests on the mountains so as to husband the water supplies that originate on them.

Precipitation alone is not enough to make land a valuable agricultural resource. Not all our humid areas are highly productive farmlands. Productive land for plants must also have soils that will take in, hold, and supply the water to the plants in the amounts they need. Soils that have bedrock or other dense layers close to the surface, and deep sand generally cannot hold enough water for abundant plant growth.

Slopes also affect the supply of moisture. Often much of the moisture that falls on steep slopes runs off too fast and is therefore not available for plant growth on such slopes.

Soils whose physical characteristics prevent plants from getting proper amounts of water usually are more unfavourable for crops than are infertile soils that can take in, store and supply moisture to the crop.

Deficiencies in fertility can be overcome by fertilization. But often there is no practical way to overcome such physical shortcomings as lack of moisture-storing ability.

Our humid and subhumid areas have a high percentage of land that combines three favourable characteristics-good moisture supply, deep moisture-retentive soils and gentle slopes.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be. Переведите предложения.

1. I … a student of the Land Use Planning faculty.

2. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution land resources … in private ownership.

3. Land … not only the soil under our feet.

4. Next year you … … a land use planner.

5. The increase in the production of vegetables … the result of proper use of fertilizers.

6. The basic elements of the cadastral systems … different in different countries.

Задание 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. They used fertile land for construction sites.

2. Land inventory is a sistematic survey of land capability of all regions.

3. The land use planner determines which acreages to employ in each land use.

Задание 4. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных.

Little, interesting, busy, short, complicated, sad.

Задание 5. Напишите прописью следующие числительные.

11, 148, 912, 2006, 38672, 2/3, 35.06

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения.

1. A parcel can be an area … land … a particular type … land use.

2. … this text we discuss the basic determination … the cadastral system.

3. Land … agriculture must have plenty … moisture … precipitation or irrigation to produce plants.

4. Land economic evaluation serves as a basis … application … modern science and technology … farming.

5. The impact … the road network … all aspects … agriculture must be fully assessed.

Задание 7. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам.

Land use planner, benefit, link, dangerous, scarcity.

ВАРИАНТ IV

Задание 1. Спишите данный текст и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

Factors that Influence Land Uses in Agriculture

Land occupies the leading place among the resources used in farming. Its central place has not diminished with the progressive advance of technology and the greater use of machines and fertilizers.

Land use planners now are no more captives of the natural environment. They are able to control and direct natural forces in many ways. This means that farmland can be used far more different purposes than ever before. The properties inherent in the land are now less restrictive. Many factors determine the proper, sound and full land uses in agriculture.

Nevertheless, the characteristics of land resources still set limits that influence the patterns of land uses. The successful land use planner is the one who learns to co-operate with the natural and biological processes that are linked to land.

What determines how farmland shall be used in any area or region? Why are certain combinations of crops and livestock grown in one region, but not in another? Questions like these seek answers of land use planners.

In general terms, two groups of forces – physical and economic – influence the use of land for agricultural production. Physical factors are the climate, soil, topography, elevation, water supply, and the like. They are the properties that are naturally a part of land resources.

Economic factors factors have to do with man and his relation to land resources and his facilities, investments, nearness to living centres, patterns of management, and other significant elements. Technological change, economic and physical factors determine land uses in agriculture.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be. Переведите предложения.

1. Soil assessment, land quality and productivity evaluation, economic evaluation of land and registration of land uses … the main concepts of land cadastre.

2. Land use planning … financed by administrative bodies.

3. English … … our first lesson next Monday.

4. Last year my friend … preparing to enter the university.

5. There … some kings of land where we could grow vegetables.

6. I … a student of the State University of Land Use Planning.

Задание 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. Land is a limited resource.

2. The land use planners will discuss the best options tomorrow.

3. The state guarantees equal rights and protection for citizens.

Задание 4. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных.

far, important, early, hot, strong, careful.

Задание 5. Напишите прописью следующие числительные.

12, 275, 139, 2001, 46872, 5/8 , 0.25

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения.

1. There are some students … Africa … our University.

2. The methods and types … planting and harvesting are always based … traditions.

3. Soil assessment and land productivity evaluation are both characterized … a comparatively great stability as compared … the economic evaluation … land.

4. Land use planning is based … understanding … land as the main means … production, the object … social and economic communications and as a part … natural complex.

5. The quality … farm land may be also affected … water pollution, particulary … accumulation … heavy metals … the soils … waste disposal.

Задание 7. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам.

local, define, impact, apply, arrangement

ВАРИАНТ V

Задание 1. Спишите данный текст и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

What is the Basis of Agricultural Land Grading?

Land classification differs much in various countries. The agricultural land is usually graded according to the degree to the degree to which its physical characteristics impose long-term limitations on agricultural use. The limitations operate in one or another way: they may affect the range of crops, which can be grown, the level of yield, the consistency of yield, and the cost of obtaining it. The ability to grow a wide range of crops (including grass) whether actual or potential is given considerable weight. It does not outweight the ability to produce consistently high yields of a somewhat narrower range of crops.

The main physical factors that are taken into account by land use planners are climate, rainfall, temperature, relief, particularly slope and soil wetness, depth, texture, structure, stoniness and available water capacity.

The grading of agricultural land on the basis of physical quality alone is not sufficient for proper and sound land use planning. The planners must consider other less permanent factors such as standard and adequacy of fixed equipment in the state and collective farms, the level of management, farm structure and accessibility. All these factors must be taken into account and defined in order to make a comprehensive assessment of land capability.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be. Переведите предложения.

1. The students … in the reading hall before the lessons.

2. The lesson … … over in 5 minutes.

3. The data of the land productivity … quite necessary to determine the rate of taxation and for proper land use management.

4. Land … a limited resource and the misuse of land can lead to such problem as non-sustainable land use.

Задание 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. The land use planning agencies register the right on land parcels which are given to land users.

2. Soviet land use planner took an active part in implementing the radical land reforms.

3. I am a land use planning engineer.

Задание 4. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных.

little, famous, heavy, deep, clean, attentive

Задание 5. Напишите прописью следующие числительные.

19, 721, 653, 2005, 82904, 3/4 , 0.036

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения.

1. The need … land cadastre has increased … recent years … two reasons.

2. The academic year … the university begins … September and finishes … May.

3. The population should actively participate … the process … land use planning.

4. Modern technology can offer new possibilities … lower costs … cadastral reforms.

5. Land use planning is the planning … the most proper, sound and full land uses based … the most advanced technology and scince.

Задание 7. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам.

option, modern, exact, assistance, attain.