Вариант контрольного задания выбирается по последней цифре шифра зачётной книжки. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Студент должен выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 – № 2; на 5 или 6 – № 3; на 7 или 8 – № 4; на 9 или 0 – № 5.

Контрольная работа 1

Вариант 1

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

How to Make Meetings Work?

1. Meetings are an essential part of corporate life. Staff meetings are held on a regular basis. It's an integral part of a corporate culture. A successful and fruitful meeting needs preparation and organization. There's a tendency among employees to resent meetings which they perceive to be a waste of important time. To prevent this from happening, the meeting facilitator must do a little homework. There are three main phases in conducting a business meeting: the preparation phase, the meeting itself and the follow up stage.

2. First of all, a meeting facilitator has to identify the purpose of the meeting. If the purpose is to bring managers together or to make reports, it is probably better not to have any meetings at all. Circulating written memos may turn out to be more effective. Meetings should be about creativity, problem solving, and decision making. Nowadays too many meetings are spent sharing information that can be better communicated in other ways. Every meeting should produce decisions and action plans. It is very important to brief attendees on the aims of the meeting. This gives people a chance to think over the issues and develop their ideas.

3. If the purpose of the meeting is to share urgent information with everyone, the number of participants can be quite large. But for intense interaction and group problem solving, a limited number of people (5 to 8) works best. In most cases, the fewer people the better, because the shortest way to kill creativity is to include too many people in the meeting.

4. In the end of the meeting the facilitator should ask the participants the following questions:

What was the most important thing accomplished in the meeting?

What needs to happen next?

Who is taking care of what, and by what date?

During the follow up stage the recorder, the person who makes notes during the discussion, quickly drafts a meeting summary and reviews it with group members.

This summary should be sent to participants within a day or two of the meeting.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What are the main phases in conducting a business meeting?

2) How many purposes are there in the meetings?

3) What should the facilitator do at the end of the meeting?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) A successful and fruitful meeting needs preparation and organization.

2) The meeting facilitator must not do a little homework.

3) There are three main phases in conducting a business meeting.

4) It is not important to brief attendees on the aims of the meeting.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) The _________ of the meeting is to share urgent information with everyone.

2) Meetings should be about creativity, problem ______, and decision making.

3) There are three main phases in conducting a business meeting: the _________ phase, the meeting itself and the follow up stage.

4) The shortest way to kill ________ is to include too many people in the meeting.

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

цель встречи, участник встречи, принимать решение, подготовка и организация, обмениваться информацией.

Вариант 2

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Forms and methods of international trade

1. International trade is performed in several forms. The most important form is direct commercial import-export operations with deliveries paid in hard currency. Still, 25-30% of international trade accounts for barter and countertrade, with deliveries paid by goods. Such payment is usually initiated by the importer which does not have hard currency to pay for the goods.

Barter is a trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money. It is a characteristic of quite primitive economies.

2. Countertrade transactions are more complex and difficult to arrange. They began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe. Their currencies are not freely convertible and they do not possess enough hard currency to make the essential purchases necessary for economic development. The transaction may include the exchange of some currency as well as goods. For example, the contract may stipulate that the seller be paid in hard currency provided that the seller agrees to find markets for specified products (often cash crops) from the buyer's country.

3. Usually only large corporations can set up such deals but they are one way of doing business with countries that have high foreign trade deficits, a large debt problem and small reserves of foreign currencies.

4. Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement. One party supplies the technology or equipment that allows the other to produce goods. The sale of these goods provides the money to repay the supplier.

Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the exporter and through middle-men that are dealers, distributors, commissioners, consignors, agents. A great part of sales of mass raw materials and products is done at international commodity exchanges.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What is the most important form of international trade?

2) Where are the countertrade transactions carried out?

3) What may the transaction include?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) International trade is performed in several forms.

2) Countertrade transactions are easy to arrange.

3) Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement.

4) Goods can be sold to a local consumer.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) The most important form of international trade is direct commercial import-export __________.

2) Barter is a trade in which __________ is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money.

3) Countertrade ___________ began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe.

4) Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the ___________.

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

международная торговля, оплачивать товары, твердая валюта, иностранный потребитель, сырье.

Вариант 3

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Contracts

1. The Contract is a business agreement between two parties which buy or sell goods or services. Contracts are concluded either between companies in one country or internationally, that is between companies from different countries.

The Contract has the following clauses or articles:

- Naming (definition) of the parties and their legal addresses.

- The subject of the Contract that is what goods or services will be bought or sold and the volume of delivery.

- Prices and the total value (amount) of the Contract including terms of delivery.

2. The price stated in the Contract may be firm, fixed or sliding. Firm prices can not be changed in the course of the Contract performance. Fixed price is the price in the market on the day of delivery or for a given period. Sliding prices can be for machinery and equipment which require a long period of delivery.

- Time (dates of delivery) is shown in the Contract too.

- Terms of delivery. The most usual terms of delivery are FOB, CIF, C & F.

- The Contract also specifies packing, marking and terms of payment.

3. Payment in foreign trade may be made in cash and on credit. The most widely used method is payment by letter of credit (L/C). The following types of L/C are usually used: irrevocable, confirmed, and revolving. An irrevocable L/C can not be modified or cancelled without the consent of the party in whose favour it has been opened. A confirmed L/C is an irrevocable L/C, payment under which is guaranteed by a first class bank. A revolving L/C is one under which its value is constantly made up to a given limit after payment for each shipment.

4. The Contract also includes terms of insurance (if any) and a force majeure clause. It usually includes natural disasters such as an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. which the parties can't control. It is also specified in the Contract in what ways disputes are solved. All the clauses of the Contract have numbers, and in the negotiations or correspondence one can refer to the specific clause or sub-clause.

The international Contract is usually written in two languages, one copy for each party.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What is the contract?

2) How may the payment be made in foreign trade?

3) What terms does the contract include?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) Contracts are concluded either between companies in one country or internationally.

2) Firm prices can be changed in the course of the Contract performance.

3) Payment in foreign trade may be made in cash and on credit.

4) The international Contract is usually written in one language.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) The Contract is a business _________ between two parties which buy or sell goods or services.

2) The _________ of the Contract is what goods or services will be bought or sold and the volume of delivery.

3) The _________ stated in the Contract may be firm, fixed or sliding.

4) Force majeure clause usually _______ natural disasters such as an earthquake, flood, fire, etc. which the parties can't control.

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

условия поставки, объем поставки, фиксированная цена, способ оплаты, условия страхования.

Вариант 4

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Advertising

1. Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service, or an idea. The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services. Advertising plays a key role in the competition among businesses for the consumer's money. In many businesses, the volume of sales depends largely on the amount of advertising done.

Manufacturers advertise to persuade people to buy their products. Large firms also use advertising to create a favourable image of their company. The company can advertise in many ways depending on how much it wishes to spend, and the size and type of the target audience. If the company wants to enter the market or launch a new product, it often starts an advertising campaign.

2. When South African Brewery (SAB) started producing beer "Zolotaya bochka" in Russia, it invested lots of money not only in production, but also in advertising the product. The advertising campaign was aggressive, and as a result this brand of beer is among the most popular ones.

3. There are different ways of advertising:

• radio • magazines • outdoor signs • newspapers • television • direct mail • other ways.

Television is the chief medium used by advertisers. In the USA 100 largest advertisers spend on average 75 per cent of their advertising budgets on television. Food companies spend about 80 per cent on television, and candy, snack, and soft drink companies spend about 85 per cent.

4. Advertising on TV is often criticised. People don't like it when programmes are interrupted every fifteen minutes. We know that the Duma passed a bill that would forbid running of commercials during television and radio programmes. In Russia TV advertising generates $300 million a year. Of course, advertising revenues are important, but there are international norms which recommend ad breaks every 45 minutes. These days outdoor advertising is popular in Moscow. It is especially widely used by car manufacturers, clothing and telecommunications companies. Such advertising attracts wide audience and is cost-effective.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What is advertising?

2) Why do the manufacturers advertise?

3) What are the ways of advertising?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service, or an idea.

2) Manufacturers advertise to persuade people to sell their products.

3) Television is the chief medium used by advertisers.

4) Advertising on TV is not criticised.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) The purpose of most _________ is to sell products or services.

2) Large firms also use advertising to create a _________ image of their company.

3) If the company wants to enter the market or launch a new product, it often starts an advertising ___________.

4) There are international norms which ________ ad breaks every 45 minutes.

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

рекламная кампания, наружная реклама, международные нормы, рекламный бюджет, объем продаж.

Вариант 5

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Banking

1. There are several ways in which consumers and businesses can use their savings or idle funds. They can deposit them in a commercial bank, they can take them to a savings bank or to a savings and loan association, or they can buy stocks and bonds. They can also keep excess funds completely idle by holding their cash in a safe place.

2. Since there is competition for savings, the bank must offer an attractive rate of interest. The higher the rate, the less likely it will be that savers will bring funds to the bank because people will prefer a more profitable way to save. Besides being saving institutions, banks serve another vital function. They act as a market for money. People and businesses in need of money are willing to pay for the use of it, just as people pay rent for the use of a flat or for a car they need only for some time.

Banks provide facilities for the movement of money. Businessmen borrow to expand their factories or stores, to increase their inventories and to buy machinery. They expand in the expectation that they will increase their profits. Businessmen must consider interest on loans as an added expense of any expansion.

3. Businessmen and consumers may postpone actions that require borrowed money when in their opinion the interest rate is too high.

4. There is another side to the bank's role in the economy. Since the prosperity of a bank is tied directly to the prosperity of the community in which it does business, bankers usually take an active interest in local development efforts to bring new industry to the area. They help and advise businessmen who are interested in setting up or expanding businesses. These businessmen are the biggest buyers of local government bonds. By buying these bonds they lend money for local improvements that will make their community a better place to live and to do business.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What are the ways in which consumers and businesses can use their savings?

2) Is there a competition for savings between banks?

3) Why do the businessmen borrow money from banks?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) There are several ways in which consumers and businesses can use their savings or idle funds.

2) The bank must not offer an attractive rate of interest.

3) Banks provide facilities for the movement of money.

4) Businessmen are the smallest buyers of local government bonds.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) Consumers and businesses can deposit their savings in a commercial bank; they can take them to a __________ bank.

2) Businessmen ________ to expand their factories or stores, to increase their inventories and to buy machinery.

3) Businessmen and consumers may ________ actions that require borrowed money when in their opinion the interest rate is too high.

4) Bankers usually take an active interest in local ________ efforts to bring new industry to the area.

5. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

сберегательный банк, процентная ставка, движение денежных средств, расширение бизнеса, одалживать деньги.

Контрольная работа 2

Вариант 1

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

The Internet

1. The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet-swithing. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-swithing network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

2. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50 %) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide.

3. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.

4. In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who usually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) When did the Internet begin its work?

2) What is the most popular Internet service?

3) How does the user pay his/her service provider?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment.

2) Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50 %) are in Russia.

3) Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) In many ______ countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries.

2) Commercial users can ______ over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply.

3) Most of the Internet _____ computers (more than 50 %) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries.

4) Most of the people, who have _____ to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

развивающиеся страны, пользователь, доступ к интернету, сеть, беспроводные станции.

Вариант 2

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Functional résumés

1. The functional resume tends to be the logical opposite of the chronological resume. De-emphasizing dates, positions, and responsibilities while emphasizing qualifications, skills and related accomplishments. This resume begins with a functional job objective and organizes skills into functional categories. The functional resume is internally coherent because all elements focus on an objective and an audience. This resume essentially outlines abilities and transferable skills and tells employers what you will most likely do for them.

2. Functional resumes are especially useful for individuals lacking work experience or for those trying to enter a new occupation where they lack direct job-related experience.

3. Functional resumes do have certain weaknesses if not done properly. For example, this type of resume can communicate "fluff' if not expertly structured around concrete experience and a clear objective. Some writers have a tendency to make generous use of a functional language which appears "canned" and says little about the specifics employers look for in candidates. Rather than grabbing the attention of employers, some of these resumes may turn off employers because they appear cleverly designed to cover-over the lack of experience. Reading this type of resume, employers may ask "where's the beef?"

4. Lacking content, these resumes may raise more questions than you want to answer. Therefore, your functional resume must be a delicate balance between the employer's need to know "the details" and your desire to motivate the employer to invite you to the interview where you will talk about "the details." Nonetheless, a well structured functional resume can be an outstanding document for presenting your skills.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What is the functional resume?

2) Who are the functional resumes useful for?

3) What kind of documents can a functional resume be?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) The functional resume tends to be the logical opposite of the chronological resume.

2) Functional resumes do have certain weaknesses if done properly.

3) Lacking content, the resumes may raise more questions than you want to answer.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) The functional resume tends to be the logical ________ of the chronological resume.

2) This resume essentially outlines _________ and transferable skills and tells employers what you will most likely do for them.

3) Some writers have a ________ to make generous use of a functional language which appears "canned".

4) Functional resume must be a delicate _______ between the employer's need to know "the details" and your desire to motivate the employer to invite you to the interview where you will talk about "the details."

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

опыт работы, должность, привлекать внимание, содержание, выдающийся.

Вариант 3

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

The main forms of business organization

1. Business is a pattern of complex operations in the lives of people concerning all those functions that govern the productions, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller. At present the production control lies in the hands of so called entrepreneurs or individual business people. They usually organize and direct industry on the purpose of making business profits The Industrial Revolution led to some serious changes and, first of all, old forms of conducting business have been substituted by the now ones. This helped various branches of industry function better in changing conditions to which they had adapted. The profits increased. Today the main forms of business organization may be described in the following way.

2. The first form of Individual proprietorship can be presented as a form of business organization where the owner is in main charge of the business and he is responsible for it. Most of individual or single proprietorships are the forms of business ownership in farming, construction and many other industries. Unless an activity is specifically banned by law, no line of business is closed to an owner. Although individual proprietorship has obvious advantages, certain drawbacks can not be denied. Without any doubts, single owners are not able to invest large amounts of capital or, if they do so, they run a great risk of losing money, and having debts. This is called unlimited liability. Only in agriculture is the individual owner still a predominant figure.

3. Partnership is a form of business organization where two or more persons agree to combine their financial assets, labour, property, and skill or some or all of these things. A partnership contract usually includes general policies, distribution of profits, fiscal responsibilities, and a specific length of time during which the partnership is in effect. Despite the fact that most partners handle more business than an individual owner, almost all of partnerships are small businesses, usually in the sphere of law, medicine, real estate and retailing. A partnership can be dissolved if there is an agreement of the partners or one of the partners goes out of the partnership.

4. All the companies of Great Britain and the United States of America can be divided in the following way:

1.  Partnerships.

2. Limited Companies and Joint Ventures.

Public Limited Company is an open company with limited liability. It is a company which has been registered and is a juridical person. The shares of such a company can be spread among the wide masses of people.

Private Company is a company the shares of which cannot be offered or sold to the wide masses of people. After the name of such a company the letters JM ltd (limited) are put.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What is a business?

2) How many forms are in the business organization?

3) In what way  can all the companies be divided?

3.Какие предложения являются верными?

1) At present the production control lies in the hands of so called entrepreneurs or individual business people.

2) Partnership is a form of business organization where one person agrees to combine  financial assets.

3) Public Limited Company is an open company with limited liability.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) At present the production _____ lies in the hands of so called entrepreneurs or individual business people.

2) _____ is a form of business organization where two or more persons agree to combine their financial assets, labour, property, and skill or some or all of these things.

3) Public Limited Company is an open company with limited _____.

4) Private Company is a company the _____ of which cannot be offered or sold to the wide masses of people.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

акции, честная компания, финансовые активы, предприниматель, фискальная ответственность.

Вариант 4

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

The Corporation

1. The Corporation was made to provide a financial device that did not have the drawbacks of the single ownership and the partnership. The classical definition was given by Chief Justice of the U.S. John Marshall in the Dartmouth College case in 1819: 'A corporation is an artificial being invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law'. Corporations are owned by stockholders, who have shares of stock of a certain company. The decisions of the stockholders usually affect business operations. Profits are called dividends. Profits may be also reinvested in the corporation. Corporations usually handle more business than individual owners and partnerships, but they are more difficult to establish. In the United States of America there are 12 million single proprietorships, 1.75 million partnerships and 3.25 million corporations. The advantages of the corporations are: large sums of money can be invested, the stockholders have limited liability, and the death of the owner or withdrawal from the company do not influence the business operations.

2. The corporate structure has a more permanent combination - the trust in which the stockholders of the corporation deposited their stock certificates with one or more trustees and got back trust certificates in return. Many drawbacks of such a practice have been revealed and the need to have some changes reflected further in reforms that resulted in the breaking up of the trusts. A new form of business organization has appeared, the so-called holding company. The holding company is a corporation that holds the common stock of other corporations.

3. Without any doubts, business became more competitive due to the fact that new and more complex corporate combinations have been formed. A merger is the absorption of one or more companies by another, in an amalgamation – when the corporations give up their individual charters and exchange their stock for that of the new corporation. In the 1960's and 1970's there was a great tendency of occurring different amalgamations under the influence of the merger movement. The conglomerates appeared on the scene. They brought under one management scores of companies belonging to industries which have not been related to each other. The number of mergers has grown enormously particularly in the middle of the 1980’s.

4. There is one more corporate combination which was formed at that period of time - that is the cartel. The cartel is a voluntary organization of private business concerns in order to coordinate marketing practices. It may engage in many spheres of business, namely in price fixing, limitation of production, the division of marketing territories, and the pooling of profits.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What is the classical definition of corporation?

2) When was a great tendency of occurring different amalgamations?

3) May the cartel engage in many spheres of business?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) The decisions of the stockholders usually affect business operations.

2) The advantages of the corporations are: small sums of money can be invested.

3) The holding company is a corporation that holds the common stock of other corporations.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) The decisions of the _______ usually affect business operations.

2) A _____ is the absorption of one or more companies by another.

3) The cartel is a ______ organization of private business concerns in order to coordinate marketing practices.

4) A new form of business organization has appeared, the so-called holding ______.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

поглощение, главный судья, акционер, доверенное лицо, частный бизнес.

Вариант 5

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Are You Right for the Business?

1. To be successful in business one has to possess a set of qualities that would make him a leader. Effective leaders such as Jack Welch, Bill Gates and Walt Disney brought peace and prosperity to their organizations and have become role models and icons in their corporations.

A leader must be a gifted actor, showing poetic, rhetorical and showmanship skills to drive his company. His performance must be authentic, believable and convincing. Great personal appeal helps a leader to develop trust, a key factor to success in interpersonal relations. Leaders know very well that a client and an employee are most likely to give him what he wants if they trust him.

A leader can be called an ambassador for he or she represents their organization externally and internally, collecting and disseminating information. They are relation builders, salespeople, information acquisitions and teachers who make their employees aware of the company's current priorities.

2. A real leader is always a power engine. No matter how strong a leader is he never has all the power in his organization. He can only accomplish organizational goals by mobilizing others to act in accordance with his plans. An effective leader works with others. He persuades colleagues, solves emerging in-company conflicts, deals with rivals. Sometimes he acts as a despot and a manipulator. His work is similar to that of a conductor, he harmonizes the talents of others as in an orchestra. No matter what he is – a despot or a conductor – a true leader makes his subordinates believe that they have the power to make a difference.

3. A genuine leader is an ardent learner open to new ideas. A continuing process of learning helps him to spot his flaws and take action to correct them.

A leader sometimes becomes a victim. To ensure the continued health and survival of his company, a leader must at times take the blame for problems, perhaps suffer from the loss of power and esteem. In certain situations, a leader, admitting a mistake to his colleagues and partners, gains because of the courage he or she displays.

4. Everyone agrees that leaders need vision, energy, authority and strategic directions. But not many people realize that effective leaders should not be afraid of showing their weakness.

A leader is a man of intuition. He relies heavily on intuition, on his instincts. He is a good situation sensor and can collect and interpret background information. He can sense what's going on without any words.

No one can just ape another leader. So the challenge facing a perspective leader is to be himself, but with more skill.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What effective leaders do you know?

2) How can you call a leader?

3) Is a leader a man of intuition?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) A leader must be a gifted actor, showing poetic, rhetorical and showmanship skills to drive his company.

2) A real leader is not always a power engine.

3) A leader sometimes becomes a victim.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) Effective _______ such as Jack Welch, Bill Gates and Walt Disney brought peace and _____ to their organizations and have become role models and icons in their corporations.

2) A continuing process of learning helps a leader to spot his _____ and take action to correct them.

3) Everyone agrees that leaders need vision, energy, ______ and strategic directions.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

процветание, посол, соперник, дополнительная информация, признать ошибку.

Контрольная работа 3

Вариант 1

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Digital meetings: the growth of video conferencing

1. An increasing number of companies are turning to video conferencing to bring people together for meetings. Experts predict that in the next ten years, video conferences will replace as much as 20 % of business travel. The key drive behind the use of video conferencing is cost. The technology means that it is possible to safe on air fares and hotel bills. People can meet more frequently at less cost. Video conferences also enable us to bring together people who would never meet if the technology was not there.

2. Communication consultants who advice companies about digital conferencing solutions, are also enthusiastic, but they sound a note of caution: “Companies have to realize that the technology is not free. Video conferencing systems are getting cheaper and more reliable, but companies which want to use them still have to make some kind of investment. This can be a particular problem for small and medium-sized companies.

3. People also have to realize that a meeting via video conference is not the same as a face-to-face meeting. People can feel nervous and act in a different way than usual. Consultants provide training, where they videotape users and get them to notice their nervous tics on screen.  If people play with their hair or put their hands in front of their mouths because they are nervous, consultants can draw their attention to this and help them appear more relaxed.

4. Meeting via video link-up definitely beats discussing issues via e-mail, even though users find the video conference environment difficult at first. That is why companies are recommended to invest in training for their staff who will meet each other digitally.  Having a video conference may not be as easy as going to a real meeting, especially at first. But more of our meetings are going to be held via link-up in the future. It looks like we’re all going to have some training.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of video conferencing?

2) What problems can users have with video conferencing?

3) Why do companies use video conferencing?

4) Why can video conferencing be expensive?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) The key driver behind the use of video conferencing is time.

2) Companies have to realize that the technology is not free.

3) Video conferencing systems are getting cheaper and less reliable.

4) Video conferences also enable us to bring together people who would never meet if the technology was not there.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) Companies are recommended to invest in _____for their staff who will meet each other digitally.

2) Consultants provide training, where they ______ users and get them to notice their nervous tics on screen. 

3) _______ predict that in the next ten years, video conferences will replace as much as 20 % of business travel.

4) Video conferencing systems are getting _____ and more reliable.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

Видео конференция, командировка, инвестировать, поначалу, обсуждать проблемы.

Вариант 2

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Building intercultural bridges for reaching business agreements

1. More and more companies are increasing their language training budgets to equip staff for global business. But language alone isn’t always enough. Companies from different countries can usually deal with language differences by learning foreign languages. But they also need to be able to deal with cultural differences. That is where intercultural training comes in.

2. Differences between northern and southern European countries are well documented. Executives from Germany who want to do business in Italy or Spain need to understand the ground rules. Meetings are rarely used to solve problems and reach agreement in these countries. Instead, meetings are used to spread information about decisions which have already been made.

3. Similarly, business people need to understand the cultural systems of respect and deference when they meet up with Asian counterparts. For example, senior executives from Japan will only discuss business with people from the same management level. The message for companies here is, don’t send anybody but senior people to meetings with Japanese counterparts. In south-east Asian cultures it’s the group that’s important in decision making. An individual will seldom agree to something until a consensus has been reached among colleagues.

4. Companies are still investing more money in improving foreign language skills. Analysts want to see a situation where investment in intercultural awareness is on the same level as language training. Only then will the companies be able to send out well-prepared executives capable of building business bridges in the global environment.  Training in intercultural awareness – as well as languages – is the key to overcoming the communication gap.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What factors can lead to disagreement during the meeting according to text?

2) What are the peculiarities of business behavior in Japan?

3) Where do companies invest money to bridge the communication gap?

4) What are the meetings like in Spain?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) Executives from Germany who want to do business in Italy or Spain need to misunderstand the ground rules.

2) Companies from different countries can usually deal with language differences by learning foreign languages.

3) Senior executives from Japan will only discuss business with people from another management level.

4) Analysts want to see a situation where investment in intercultural awareness is on the same level as language training.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) More and more companies are increasing their language training ­­______ to equip staff for global business.

2) Differences between northern and southern European countries are well _______.

3) In south-east Asian cultures it’s the group that’s important in _____ making.

4) Training in ___ awareness – as well as languages – is the key to overcoming the communication gap.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

принятие решения, европейские страны, бюджет, распространить информацию, иностранный язык. 

Вариант 3

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Four golden rules for chairpeople

1. Time is god in meetings. Don’t let a discussion run on unnecessarily. If an issue can’t be resolved in this meeting, cut the discussion off and continue it in a later meeting. But if you and be honest your colleagues have to reach a decision today, and tell them that they’ll have to sit there until the job is done.

2. Meetings are for business, not socializing. A certain amount of small talk at the beginning and end of a meeting definitely helps to create a friendly atmosphere and build team spirit. But time is money. Make sure that participants get down to business after a few minutes of pleasantries. Also make sure that business is concluded before someone changes the subject to football again.

3. Give people enough time to prepare for a meeting. It’s surprising how many chairpeople call meetings at short notice and then complain that the participants haven’t prepared properly. With advance notice, participants will come to your meeting having thought about agenda, read through the background papers, prepared presentations, and come up with solutions to problems.

4. Meetings should be democratic in approach and spirit. The only point in bringing people together for a meeting is to let them discuss an issue. If you want to announce decisions that have been made, don’t do it in a meeting but find another way of communicating it. Your meetings should have a creative and open atmosphere so that your people can make interesting contributions to the discussion.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What should the chairman do the participants if have to reach a decision today?

2) What does small talk help to create before the meeting?

3) Why should the chairman tell the participants about the meeting in advance?

4) Should the chairman have a meeting to announce decisions that have been made?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) If an issue can’t be resolved in this meeting, cut the discussion off and continue it in a later meeting.

2) A certain amount of football at the beginning and end of a meeting definitely helps to create a friendly atmosphere and build team spirit.

3) With advance notice, participants will come to your meeting having thought about agenda, read through the background papers, prepared presentations, and come up with solutions to problems.

4) Meetings should never be democratic in approach and spirit.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) If you want to announce _______ that have been made, don’t do it in a meeting but find another way of communicating it.

2) A certain amount of small talk at the beginning and end of a meeting definitely helps to create a ______ atmosphere and build team spirit.

3) It’s surprising how many chairpeople call meetings at short notice and then ______ that the participants haven’t prepared properly.

4) If an issue can’t be resolved in this meeting, cut the _______ off and continue it in a later meeting.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

командный дух, принять решение, участники, повестка дня, делать вклад в обсуждение.

Вариант 4

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

What Makes a Good Leader

1. It goes without saying that good leadership is crucial to any successful business. But, what makes a good leader and how can someone develop himself or herself into a good leader if they are not one to begin with? The answer is that there are many factors that contribute to good leadership. And, whether someone is naturally a good leader or not, anyone can become a good leader.  

2. One of those factors of good leadership is communication. Communication is one of the most key elements of leadership. Good communication skills need to be learned to effectively become a good leader or manager. When communication occurs, as a leader, you will be able to accurately convey your ideas and thoughts to those that work for you. In fact, simply being able to convey these things in the first place, much less accurately, puts you in the right direction for leadership. 

3. Motivation is another variable that plays into good leadership. Employees tend to stagnate when motivation decreases…and it will decrease, without proper motivation. Many leaders try to motivate the old-fashioned way…through fear. This is not advisable, since it tends to only deliver short-term results and cause even less competent work in the long run, due to resentment resulting from the fear tactics. Instead, try adding challenges for employees. A fresh challenge always adds excitement and spawns creativity.

4. Teamwork is always something to consider when striving to become a good leader. This means not only teaching your employees to work together but to become part of the team yourself. Use others’ potential. Many times, employees’ potential is wasted. A good leader recognizes that his or her employees are more than just employees, they are people too.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What factors contribute to good leadership?

2) What happens when motivation decreases?

3) Why does a leader need good communication skills?

4) What is “old-fashioned” way of motivation?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) Teamwork is always something to consider when striving to become a good leader.

2) Many leaders try to motivate the old-fashioned way…through money.

3) Communication is one of the most key elements of bad leadership.

4) It goes without saying that good leadership is crucial to any successful business.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) Good communication ______ need to be learned to effectively become a good leader or manager.

2) A good leader recognizes that his or her _____ are more than just employees, they are people too.

3) Employees tend to _______ when motivation decreases.

4) What _____ a good leader and how can someone develop himself or herself into a good leader if they are not one to begin with?

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

жизненно важный, ключевой элемент, работник, краткосрочный результат, компетентная работа.

Вариант 5

1. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Corporate Team Building

1. There is a whole lot of talk these days about Corporate Team Building. There are many, many options: vacation packages, rope courses, on-going office games, ice-breakers, etc. Management can also purchase videos, books, and seminar packages to assist them in building up their organization into a team worthy of belonging.

2. The leader must set the example: if your employees see you as a team player they will feel a part of your organization. If, however, they see the management as those who get all the credit and financial rewards for their hard work – you may have underlying turmoil at hand within your organization. To counter act this – give credit to others whenever possible! Include everyone frequently when your company receives a compliment. 

3. Then, act on the information you receive. Take all positive information as clues to what your company is doing correctly to keep happy employees. Then do what you can to keep these elements going and even to improve upon them. Receive all negative feedback as opportunities for growth and the chance to retain people you have trained already as part of your team.

4. Finally, be gracious. Treat all employees – including the janitors – as highly valued and equal to management on a personal level. The two jobs where I was most loyal and most productive – were with organizations where management greeted us daily whenever passing. This may sound a bit threatening and extreme to some people. But, I will let you know that all of us went home daily feeling like we helped the corporate team nationwide.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.

1) What are the main team building tools?

2) How should a good leader treat the employees?

3) In what way should all negative feed-back be received?

4) What are the options of team building?

3. Какие предложения являются верными?

1) There are many, many options: vacation packages, rope courses, on-going office games, ice-breakers, etc.

2) Take all negative information as clues to what your company is doing correctly to keep happy employees.

3) The leader must set the example: if your employees see you as a team player they will feel a part of your organization.

4) It is not necessary to be gracious.

4. Дополните предложения.

1) There is a whole lot of talk these days about Corporate ____ Building.

2) Management can also ______ videos, books, and seminar packages to assist them in building up their organization into a team worthy of belonging.

3) The leader must set the _____: if your employees see you as a team player they will feel a part of your organization.

4) The two jobs where I was most _____ and most _____ – were with organizations where management greeted us daily whenever passing.

5. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

обратная связь, приобретать (покупать), финансовое вознаграждение, возможность, продуктивный.