КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Для выполнения контрольной работы № 1, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число существительных.

2. Указательные местоимения this, that, these, those.

3. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные.

4. Образование времен активного (действительного) залога (Simple, Continuous,Perfect, Perfect Continuous).

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст  на русский язык.

Text 1. HIGHER EDUCATION

Higher education has undergone a massive expansion in Britain nowadays. The aim of the government is to increase the number of students who enter into higher education.  The driving force for this has been mainly economic. It is assumed that the more  people  who study  at  degree  level,  the  more  likely the  country  is  to   succeed economically.

A large proportion of young people –  about a third in England and Wales and almost half in Scotland –  continue in education at a more A-level beyond the age of 18. 

The higher education sector provides a variety of courses up to degrees and postgraduate degree level, and carries out research. It increasingly caters for older students; over 50% of students in 1999 were aged 25 and over and many studied part-time.

Nearly  every university offers access  and  foundation  courses  before  enrolment  on  a course of higher education of  prospective  students  who  do  not  have  the standard entry qualifications.

Higher  education  in  Britain  is   traditionally   associated   with universities, though education of  University  standard  is  also  given  in other institutions such as colleges and  institutes  of  higher  education, which have the  power to award their own degrees.

The only exception to state universities is the small University of Buckingham which concentrates on law, and which draws most of its students of overseas.

All universities in England and Wales are state universities (this includes Oxford and Cambridge).

Задание 1.2. Дайте письменно эквиваленты выделенным словам в тексте №1.

Задание 2. Пpочитайте и переведите устно текст на русский язык.

Text 2. OXBRIDGE

Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious  universities in  Great  Britain.  They  are  often  called  collectively  Oxbridge.  Both universities are independent. Only the  education  elite  go  to  Oxford  or Cambridge. Most of their students are former public schools leavers.

The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (В.А.). Some courses,  such  as languages or medicine, may be one or two  years  longer.  The  students  may work for other degrees as well. The degrees are  awarded  at  public  degree ceremonies'. Oxford and Cambridge cling to their  traditions,  such  as  the use  of  Latin  at  degree  ceremonies.  Full  academic  dress  is  worn  at examinations.

Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of  а  number  of  colleges. Each college is different, but in many ways they are alike. Each college has its name, its coat of  arms.  Each  college  is  governed  by  a Master. The larger ones have more than 400 members,  the  smallest  colleges have less than  30.  Each  college  offers  teaching  in  а  wide  range  of subjects. Within, the college one will normally  find  а  chapel,  а  dining hall, а library, rooms for undergraduates, fellows and the Master, and  also rooms for teaching purposes.

Oxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe. It is  the  second largest in Britain, after London.

There are now twenty-four colleges for men, five for women and another five which have both men and women members, many from overseas studying  for higher degrees.

The local car industry in East Oxford gives an important addition to the city’s outlook.

There а great deal of bicycle traffic both in Oxford and Cambridge.

Задание 2.1. Дайте письменно английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям:

Образование, длительность, преподавание, предметы, экзамены, выпускники школ, предлагает широкий выбор, директор, частные школы, дипломы о высшем образовании.

Задание 2.2. Дайте письменные ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. Who studies at Oxford and Cambridge Universities?

2. How many years do students study to get a Bachelor degree?

3. What language is used at degree ceremonies?

4. Do students have to wear an official dress at the ceremony?

5. What rooms can be found in the colleges?

6. Who governs the colleges?

7. Do men and women always study together?

8. Would you like to study in Oxbridge? Why?

Задание 3. Образуйте письменно множественное число данных существительных:

tourist, tax, woman, team, tooth, telephone, friend, manager, laboratory, foot, man, wife, city, fax, shelf.

Задание 4. Вставьте  указательные местоимения this, that, these или those в пробелы.

1. Who was ___ boy you were dancing with at the party yesterday?

2. ____ shoes are killing me.  I  can’t wait to take them off.

3. Hello. ___  is Beth.  Can I speak to Kate?

4. I knew Jenny at university.  In ____ days she had long blond hair.

5. You can’t get proper cheese ____ days.

6. I was in the pub last night when ____ bloke came up and hit me.

7. ___ was a wonderful film, wasn’t it?

Задание 5. Выберите нужное притяжательное местоимение  в скобках.

1. Is that (your/yours) new car?

2. This is (my/mine) favorite actor.

3. Whose dog is it? It isn’t (our/ours).

4. What is (your/yours) position in the company.

5. Is this (your/yours) umbrella? No, (my/mine) is there.

6. This is (their/theirs) new flat.

7. Is it your seat? No, it’s (her/hers).

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски  неопределенными местоимениями some, any,  anything, anywhere, anybody, something, somewhere, somebody.

1.  ‘Have you bought  ___ souvenirs yet?’   ‘Yes, I’ve bought  ___ presents for my family   But I haven’t sent  ___  postcards    yet.’

2. ‘I’ve just done  ___ shopping.’ ‘Have you bought ___ new things?’ ‘Yes, I’ve bought  a pair of  jeans and ____ a pair socks. I  wanted  to  get __  shoes  too,  but  I  didn’t  have   ___   money  left.’

3. Would you like  ___ to eat?  

4. Do you live ___ near Jim?  

5. There’s ___ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?  

6. The film is really great. You can ask  ____ who has seen it.  

7. With this special ticket you can go ___ you like on any bus you like.  

8. Do you know ___ about politics?  

9. There isn’t ___ in the box. It’s empty.

Задание 7. Поставьте глаголы в скобках во врeмена  Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous. Вставленные слова подчеркните.

James (be) a taxi-driver. He (work) in London. He (know) the city very well. He (work) as a taxi-driver for 25 years.

‘I (love) my job, because every day I (meet) new people. Many tourists     (visit) the city, especially in summer and I (tell) them about every street.’ Now James (have lunch) in a café. He usually ( have) two breaks a day for a short rest. At the weekends he (go) to the seaside. He (spend) his holidays at the same place for many years.

James (be) a good worker. He (earn) about 2000 pounds a month. This month he (get) even more  – there are many tourists in the city now.  Next Monday he (meet) his friends. They (come) to see London. He ( be) going to show them  the city .

Задание 8. Поставьте глаголы в скобках во времена Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous.

John works in a real-estate agency. Three years ago he (be) unemployed   and (search for) any job. Every day he (read)   advertisements about  jobs. He (decide) to try. At first it (be) difficult and he (not, do) deals alone.  But soon he (learn) job well and last year he (become) the best agent. By the end of the year he (sell) many apartments and (receive) a big bonus. Yesterday he (work) with a client who (want) to buy a huge flat in the very centre of the city.  They (discuss) details of the deal for one hour. At last they (sign) the documents. Once John  (look for) a flat for a very bossy man. He (look for) it for two months, but in the end the client (refuse) because he (buy) a better one through another agency! Although the job is nervous, John likes it very much.

Задание 9. Поставьте глаголs в скобках во времена Future Simple, Future Perfect или Future Continuous.

1. I (cook) dinner by the time I leave for the pub.

2. Tomorrow I (be) at the studio all the day.

3. By the time he is thirty five he (become) a professor.

4. I won’t be able to answer the phone in the afternoon. I (give) a talk at the conference.

5. We (have) coffee after Martin has finished eating.

6. I hope I (become) a good specialist in the future.

7. Don’t call me in the morning tomorrow. I (sleep).

Задание 10. Выучите следующие слова и выражения к зачету по теме «EDUCATION».

1. Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет сервиса и экономики - St.Petersburg State University of Service and Economics 

2. студент первого курса - first-year student

3. дневная форма обучения - full-time study

4. вечерняя форма обучения - part-time study

5. студент заочного отделения - correspondent-student 

6. высшее образование - higher education

7. окончить (учебное заведение) - graduate from

8. выпускники - graduates

9. аспиранты - post-graduates

10. факультет, кафедра - department

11. высококвалифицированный - highly qualified

12. преподавательский состав - teaching staff

13. диплом государственного образца - state –standard diploma

14. общественная деятельность - social activity

15. сессия - session

16. сдавать зачеты и экзамены - to take credit-tests and exams

17. сдать/ провалить экзамены – to  pass/fail exams

18. диплом бакалавра – Bachelor’s Degree

19. диплом магистра – Master’s Degree 

20. диплом кандидата  наук – Doctor’s Degree

21. сфера сервиса - service industry

Задание 11. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме “I am a student” Будьте готовы к активной беседе с преподавателем по данной теме.

Эти вопросы помогут вам составить рассказ о себе:

What is your name? How old are you? What is your marital status? What is your family like? What course are you doing at university?  What department are you in? What is your job? What is your typical working day?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

Для выполнения контрольной работы № 2, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:

1. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

2. Образование времен пассивного (страдательного) залога.

3. Модальные глаголы

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст на русский язык.

Text 1. MOST POPULAR TYPES OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN THE USA

Sole Proprietor

Most businesses in the US are sole proprietorships - that is, they are owned and operated by a single person. In a sole proprietorship, the owner is entirely responsible for the business's success or failure. He or she collects any profits, but if the venture loses money and the business cannot cover the loss, the owner is responsible for paying the bills - even if doing so depletes his or her personal assets.

Sole proprietorships have certain advantages over other forms of business organization. They suit the temperament of people who like to exercise initiative and be their own bosses. They are flexible, since owners can make decisions quickly without having to consult others. By law, individual proprietors pay fewer taxes than corporations. And customers often are attracted to sole proprietorships, believing an individual who is accountable will do a good job.

This form of business organization has some disadvantages, however. A sole proprietorship legally ends when an owner dies or becomes incapacitated, although someone may inherit the assets and continue to operate the business. Also, since sole proprietorships generally are dependent on the amount of money their owners can save or borrow, they usually lack the resources to develop into large-scale enterprises.

Business Partnership

One way to start or expand a venture is to create a partnership with two or more co-owners. Partnerships enable entrepreneurs to pool their talents; one partner may be qualified in production, while another may excel at marketing, for instance. Partnerships are exempt from most reporting requirements the government imposes on corporations, and they are taxed favorably compared with corporations. Partners pay taxes on their personal share of earnings, but their businesses are not taxed.

States regulate the rights and duties of partnerships. Co-owners generally sign legal agreements specifying each partner's duties. Partnership agreements also may provide for "silent partners," who invest money in a business but do not take part in its management. A major disadvantage of partnerships is that each member is liable for all of a partnership's debts, and the action of any partner legally binds all the others. If one partner squanders money from the business, for instance, the others must share in paying the debt. Another major disadvantage can arise if partners have serious and constant disagreements.

Corporation

A corporation is an entity that is separate from its owners, so that regardless of what happens to shareholders, the corporation continues until it is legally dissolved. The owner(s) of a corporation are known as shareholders. The shareholders elect directors to set the policies of the corporation and represent their interests. The directors appoint the officers of the corporation to manage day to day operations. Corporations are legally required to follow more formalities than any of the other entities, including annual meetings of the shareholders and directors, as well as board approval of most significant acts by the corporation.

There are two main types of for-profit corporations, known as a C corporation and an S corporation. While most corporations are set up as C corporations, some elect to function instead as an S corporation in order to avoid double taxation.

In addition to these two types of for-profit corporations there are also nonprofit corporations, which are often used by charities. Finally, in limited circumstances, a corporation may be set up as a professional corporation, where the business is owned and operated by certain licensed professionals.

LLC

A limited liability company (LLC) is a form of enterprise that blends elements of partnership and corporate structures. It is a legal form of company that provides limited liability to its owners.

It is often more flexible than a corporation and it is well-suited for companies with a single owner.

Задание 1.1. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту:

1. What are the main types of businesses in the USA?

2. What are the advantages of sole proprietorships? What disadvantages do they have?

3. Partnership involves collaboration between two or more parties. When do problems sometimes arise?

4. How is C corporation different from S corporation?

5. Who is a corporation run by?

6. A limited liability company is new type of business in the USA, but it is very popular.

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите устно текст  на русский язык. Выпишите выделенные слова из текста, запишите их транскрипцию и перевод.

Text 2. MICROSOFT

Microsoft, the software giant from Redmond, Washington, was born in 1975 as Micro-Soft, a partnership between two high school friends, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, to write software for what they regarded as the first practical computer for the consumer market, the MITS Altair 8800.

When that market exploded with the introduction of the I.B.M. personal computer in 1981, the main beneficiary turned out to be the now unhyphenated Microsoft, which had developed the software for the PC's operating system — and had held onto the rights to the program.

The most popular Microsoft products are the Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of applications. Microsoft also produces popular hardware products, such as the Microsoft mouse and the XBox video games product line. With over 70,000 employees worldwide and annual sales of over $44 billion, Microsoft is a leader in the global tech industry.

Microsoft is still a powerhouse supplier of the specialized software that meets the complex needs of large corporations, but it does not receive the adoring attention that its chief rival Apple draws with products like the iPad.

In the summer of 2010, Microsoft remained more profitable than Apple, but Apple's market valuation has allowed it to surpass its rival to become the world's most valuable technology company.

Microsoft has often been criticized for their drive to dominate world markets. "Embrace, extend, extinguish" is a phrase often used to describe Microsoft's market strategy. The company has been sued several times for copyright infringement, and was sued by the US Justice Department for anti-trust violations.

Conversely, Microsoft is considered by many to be an ideal place to work. The company has won awards for innovation, for their commitment to diversity, and for their flexible work arrangements. Their compensation is competitive, and employees with seniority are often very wealthy as a result of Microsoft stock options. Benefits are outstanding, and the company has a notoriously casual dress code.

Задание 3. Поставьте прилагательные в скобках в сравнительную или превосходную степени сравнения .

1. The life of this battery is (long) than most of its rivals at almost half the price.

2. Our mineral water is (pure) in the market.

3. He is (good) student in our group.

4. I would recommend this jacket. It’s (stylish) than the other one and it really suits you.

5. This is (low) price I can offer.

6. You’ll really like these chips. They are (tasty) than any others on the market.

7. I can’t recommend this DVD player. Its results were (bad) than the others.

8. That is (silly) suggestion I’ve ever heard.

Задание 4. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык. Укажите видовременную форму сказуемого в страдательном залоге.

1. Your enquiry is being dealt with.

2. Make sure that your mobile phone is switched off during important meetings.

3. All tenders and supporting documents must be returned by 31 March.

4. Your hotel booking has been confirmed.

5. As requested, the sum of $75,000 has been credited to your account.

6. The full conference programme has not yet been printed.

Задание 5. Употребите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.

1. Chinese (speak) in Singapore.

2. The Taj Mahal (build) around 1640.

3. The new hospital (open) next year.

4. She (interview) now.

5. I realised I (follow).

6. (you invite) to Andy’s party?

7. He found that all his money (steal).

8. These computers (make) in Korea.

9. Passengers (ask) not to speak to the driver.

10. Sorry about the noise - the road (mend).

11. The village church (burn down) last year.

12. A Roman pavement (just find) under Oxford Street.

Задание 6. Составьте предложения по образцу. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.

Образец: If you are computer literate you can use different types of software.

Задание 7. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.

1. Can I leave the door open for a while?

2. He could ski very well when he was young.

3. They can’t be strangers. They must know each other.

4. Could I borrow your pen, please?

5. Your salary is very low. You should look for another job.

6. Jack always has difficulty getting up. He shouldn’t go to bed so late.

7. I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much.

8. ‘May I come in?’ ‘Yes, please do.’

9. This must be our stop.

10. This can’t be our stop.

11. You mustn’t throw litter in the park.

12. You should have told me.

Задание 8. Выучите следующие слова и выражения к зачету по теме «Overview: Economy, Culture, Business».

1. владелец - owner

2. отвечать (за) - to be  responsible (for)

3. нести убытки -  to lose 

4. покрывать, обеспечивать денежным покрытием  - to cover

5. оплачивать счета - to pay the bills

6. движимое имущество - personal assets

7. зависеть от -  to depend on

8. занимать, брать в долг – to borrow

9. предприятие – venture, enterprise

10. совладелец -  co-owner

11. предприниматель  - entrepreneur 

12. превзойти (других) - to excel

13. освобождать от налогов - to exempt from taxes

14. облагать налогом -  to impose taxes

15. доля, часть - share

16. регулировать,  регламентировать - to regulate

17. подписывать  -  to sign

18. юридическое соглашение  - legal agreement 

19. инвестировать деньги – to  invest money

20. обязывать, связывать обязательством  - to bind 

21. вернуть долг - to pay the debt

22. акционер - shareholder

23. определять стратегию - to set the policies

24. одобрение,  утверждение - approval

25. основывать, открывать (дело, предприятие ) - to set up 

26. некоммерческий - nonprofit

27. благотворительность - charity

28. общество  с ограниченной  ответственностью - limited liability company

Задание 9. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме “ Economy of the UK ”. Будьте готовы к активной беседе с преподавателем по данной теме.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №3

Для выполнения контрольной работы № 3, необходимо усвоить следующий  грамматический материал:  

1. Сложные предложения. Согласование времен.

2. Косвенная речь.

3. Условные предложения.

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст  на русский язык.

Text 1. MONEY

Money is indispensable in a society in which commodity exchange takes place. In commodity exchange money plays the role of a universal equivalent, that of commodity ex­pressing the value of all the other commodities.

Gold is the generally accepted money commodity. Because of its natural properties gold is the most convenient substance to carry out the social function of money. It can be easily broken into pieces and melted and «recombined» without any loss of value. It can also be kept safely as it does not become oxidized. In addition it has relatively small volume for its weight while denoting a considerable value.

Money performs a number of functions. First of all, it serves as a measure of value; that is, it is used to measure the value of all other commodities. Each commodity is sold for a certain sum of money, which expresses its value. The value of a commodity in terms of money is called its price.

Money is an ideal unit for expressing the value of all other commodities. What this means is that to measure the value of commodities it is not necessary to have cash. As acts of sale and purchase (i.e. the exchange of commodities for money) are repeated many times, the seller and buyer mentally equate the commodity to a certain amount of money (or gold) corre­sponding to its value.

When commodities are exchanged with the aid of money, the latter also serves as a means of circulation. To perform this function money has to be real, not ideal. What is important is that anyone receiving these symbols of value must be assured that they will be accepted from him too, when he pays for other commodities. That is why states declare paper money to be legal tender.

Money also serves as a means of accumulation or a way of hoarding treasures. This function stems from the fact that money can buy any commodity. Therefore, money is a universal embodiment of wealth and a means of accumulating it. Taken out of circulation, however, money becomes treasure only if it is gold, or money converted into articles of gold, silver and other precious metals or stones.

Задание 1.1. Дайте письменно эквиваленты выделенным в тексте словам.

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите устно текст на русский язык.

Text 2. WHAT IT TAKES TO RUN A BUSINESS

Most of us fantasize at one time or another about starting our own business, but few of us have the courage to make it happen. The prospect of going into business for ourselves, while appealing, is a risk few of us are willing to take.

But times have changed. More people than ever before are leaving their 6-figure salary jobs and starting their own businesses. In fact, experts estimate that some 1.500 new businesses are launched every day and that by 2000 70 percent of all businesses will be entrepreneurial.

Choosing the business that's right for you is probably the most important business decision you'll ever make. Maybe you already have a great idea for a product or service. Or perhaps you're still exploring some ideas. In either case, before you launch your business you'll need to assess your strengths and weaknesses, your likes and dislikes.

It may help to make a list of what you like and dislike. You'll also want to consider your non-tangible attributes, such as stamina, determination and resourcefulness. These qualities alone may be the determining factor of whether your business succeeds or fails.

Experts agree that two of the most important qualities an entrepreneur should possess are tenacity and perseverance. Getting a business off the ground can be extremely frustrating, and if you're the type who gives up easily, chances are you won't make it as an entrepreneur.

As a business owner you also must have the stamina and self-discipline to work long hours, the willingness to take risks and the confidence to make decisions. These traits will go a long way in helping your business thrive and flourish.

Don't worry if it takes you a while to determine what kind of business you want. It's much better to take your time and thoroughly investigate your options than rush into something. Some of the most successful entrepreneurs have spent time researching the market before finding their niche.

Special training or education is not required to start a business. Only one-fifth of new business owners have college degrees and more than one-third have never taken a business course.

Much of the knowledge you'll need to run a business can be learned through books, seminars and workshops. You may also want to consider taking a few business or marking courses through your local university or community college.

One of the best ways to learn about business is by talking to as many entrepreneurs as you can. Join a professional organisation in your area that is geared to your particular industry.

In addition, there are several organisations that can provide assistance. Contact your local Small Business Administration office or the Service Corps of Retired Executives. Both groups can provide professional advice and counselling and help you get your business off the ground. You may also want to consider hiring a business consultant to help you build a solid business plan.

One of the most important factors you'll need to consider before starting a business is your financial resources. If you are the sole provider for your family and have little savings stashed away, this may not be the time to give up a steady source of income.

Studies show that more businesses fail because of under financing and poor management than for any other reason. That's why experts say you should have enough saving put aside to support you for at least a year before you have to dip into your new business for income.

If you're having trouble raising the capital needed to launch your business, try the Small Business Association. The organisation often makes small-business loans to start-up companies or at least will refer you to the institutions that will. You may also want to consider obtaining independent investors or taking out a home equity loan.

Starting a new business not only demands a lot of hard work, but also requires financial and emotional sacrifice. Be prepared to give up vacations, weekends and evenings and to spend less time with friends and family. Entrepreneurship is not without drawbacks, and many people discover (often too late) that they are not cut out to run a business.

Harvey Mackay, the best selling author of "Sharkproof: Get The Job You Want. Keep The Job You Love In Today's Frenzied Market " (Harper Collins), offers these suggestions for anyone considering a business venture.

· Think small. Keep your overheads low by starting your business from home. Purchase only the essentials. Hold on to your day job as long as possible or at least until your business has started to take off.

· Get advice. Talk to other entrepreneurs. Find out how they got started, how much money it took and what they would do differently. Put together an advisory team that you can turn to for help.

· Adapt to change. In business, anything can happen. Be prepared for the unexpected.

· Draft a business plan. Analyze your market and study your competition. Determine who your potential clients will be and make sure there is sufficient demand for your product or service. Set goals for your company and review them periodically to see if you're meeting your expectations.

· Depend on yourself. Whether your business succeeds or fails depends on you alone. Make sure you have the temperament to work harder than you've ever worked in your life.

Задание 2.1. Дайте письменно эквиваленты выделенным в тексте словам.

Задание 2.2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы:

1. What things should be done to start your own business?

2. Can you prove that the following qualities are essential (or not needed) for a businessman: stamina, determination, resourcefulness, tenacity, self-discipline, willingness to take risks, confidence?

3. What recommendations would you give to those who would like to start their own business?

Задание 3. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен.

1. He said he had forgotten the code.

2. She said she had been trying to get through.

3. She said they would never agree.

4. She said that Martin had sent them the invoice.

5. She said that she should go.

7. He asked me how much it had cost.

8. They asked how many people would attend the confenence.

9. She advised her colleague to keep quiet.

10. He warned me not to sell my shares yet.

11. She wondered if I had received a message.

Задание 4. Переведите предложения письменно в косвенную речь.

1. Tom said, ‘If I were you, I’d wear a new tie for the interview.'

2. 'We've decided to spend our holidays in Jordan,' they told us.

3. Jill said, ‘I'll go to the bank tomorrow.’

4. Keith said, 'There is a letter for you on the table.'

5. 'They delivered the letters this morning,' she said.

6. He said, ‘Don’t forget to type the letter to Mr Brown.’

7. Jane said, 'I haven't finished my homework yet.'

8. 'My mother is coming to visit us,' I said.

9. She told me, 'You must leave early tomorrow.’

10. She said to him, ‘Send the report just now, please.’

Задание 5. Употребите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.

1. It rained all day. If the weather (not be) so bad we (go out).

2. We expect Mary to be here soon. If she (not arrive), we  (phone) her.

3. I sleep badly. If I (not get) enough sleep I (not get) much work done.

4. We went to Paris. If we (not go) to Paris,  we (not have) such a good time.

5. My brother doesn't do any work. If he (work) harder, he (pass) his exams.

6. Jane and John like each other. If he (ask) her to dance, she (say) yes.

7. This is an old computer. If you (not press) 'Save' you     (lose) your work.

8. I did German at school. If I (do) English, I (get) a better job?

9. There's a bus. If we (get on) that one, we (arrive) in time.

10. I can't see a bus. But even if we (catch) a bus now, we (be) late.

Задание 6. Переведите письменно на английский, употребив правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.

1. Мы сумеем купить машину при условии, что они не поднимут цены.

2. Если бы я знал в то время, что процент так высок, я не брал бы кредита.

3. Если бы я мог, я бы поехал в Европу этим летом. Но у меня слишком много работы.

4. Позвони мне, как только узнаешь результаты экзаменов.

5. Ты узнал бы его, если бы встретил его сейчас?

6. Вы должны быть в офисе пораньше  на тот случай, если шеф придет к девяти.

7. Если бы он не учился в то время в Оксфорде, он бы не встретил Мери.

8. Он закончит всю работу, прежде чем начнется конференция.

9. Если не будешь тренироваться много, ты не выиграешь это соревнование.

10. В случае если вам понадобится помощь, обращайтесь к полицейскому.

11. Позвонишь мне, когда будешь в городе?

Задание 7. Выучите следующие слова и выражения к зачету по теме «PEOPLE AND ECONOMY».

1. активы - assets

2. валовой национальный продукт - gross national product (GNP)

3. валовой внутренний  продукт - gross domestic product (GDP)

4. бухгалтер - accountant,  book-keeper

5. административный - executive

6. валюта - currency 

7. средства производства - means of production

8. товар (ы) - goods 

9. товар, предмет потребления - commodity

10. прибыль - profit

11. выгода, польза - benefit 

12. затраты - costs 

13. расход, трата - expense

14. повседневные нужды - daily needs

15. проценты от вкладов - interests

16. вознаграждение - reward

17. зарплата - wages

18. сбережения - savings 

19. банкротство - bankruptcy 

20. долг - debt 

21. зарабатывать на жизнь - to earn one's living  

22. сокращать, уменьшать, снижать - reduce

23. увеличиваться - increase

24. филиал - offshoot, branch 

25. наблюдать - to supervise 

26. конкурент - competitor 

27. кредит - loan, credit

28. наем - hire 

29. ставить цели - to set objectives

30. потребитель - consumer

31. спрос  - demand

Задание 8. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме «My future profession». Будьте готовы к активной беседе с преподавателем по данной теме.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4

Для выполнения контрольной работы № 4, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:

1. Образование и функции Participle I, Participle II.

2. Неличные формы глагола (The Infinitive, The Gerund).

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его устно на русский язык.

Text 1. EMPLOYMENT IN BRIRAIN

The well-known statement written by Hungarian humorist George Mikes ‘The one thing the English will never forgive the Germans for is working too hard’ is, of course, not literally true. However, it does reflect a certain lack of enthusiasm for work in general. At the upper end of the social scale this attitude to work exists because leisure has always been the main outward sign of aristocracy.

And because of Britain’s class system, it has had its effects throughout society. If you have to work, then the less it looks like work the better. Traditionally therefore, a major sign of being middle class (as opposed to working class) has been that you do non-manual work. The fact that skilled manual (or ‘blue collar’) workers have been paid more highly than the lower grades of ‘white-collar’ (i.e. non-manual) worker for several decades has only slightly changed this social perception.

This ‘anti-work’ outlook among the working class has led to a relative lack of ambition or enthusiasm and a belief that high earnings are more important than job satisfaction. These attitudes are slowly changing. For example, at least half of the workforce now does non-manual work, and yet a majority describe themselves as working class.

It would therefore seem that the connection between being middle class and doing non-manual work is growing weaker. Nevertheless, the connection between class distinctions and types of work lives on in a number of ways. One illustration of this is the different way in which earnings are conventionally expressed and paid. Perhaps the traditional lack of enthusiasm for work is the reason why the working day, in comparison with most European countries, starts rather late (usually at eight o’clock for manual workers and around nine for non-manual workers).

However, measured by the number of hours worked in a week, the British reputation for not working hard enough appears to be false. The normal lunch break is an hour or less and most people (unless they work part-time) continue working until five or later. Many people often work several hours overtime a week. In addition, a comparatively large proportion of British people stay in the workforce for a comparatively large part of their lives. The normal retiring age for most people is sixty five (sixty for some, including a greater proportion of women).

Задание 1.1.  Ответьте письменно на вопросы:

1. What English attitude to work does George Mikes’ statement reflect?

2. Are attitudes to work in Britain changing?

3. How are the earnings of manual and non-manual workers expressed and paid?

Задание 1.2. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты для следующих слов и выражений:

На вершине социальной лестницы, отношение к работе, оплачиваются более высоко, удовлетворение от работы, главный признак принадлежности к среднему классу, работник физического труда, возраст выхода на пенсию, классовые различия, рабочая сила, работать неполный рабочий день, виды работы, работать сверхурочно.

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст  на русский язык.

Text 2.  UNEMPLOYMEMENT

There will always be a certain amount of unemployment in the economy. When economists talk about full employment they mean that everyone who can work and wants to work has got a job. Able workers who are not working are simply not happy with the salaries that are offered - or just can't be bothered!

However, economies rarely reach full employment. There are a number of reasons for this, and a number of different types of unemployment. One of these is cyclical unemployment. This type of unemployment varies with the growth and recession cycle of the economy. As the economy grows, demand for labor grows and unemployment falls. As the economy contracts, unemployment grows.

A second kind of unemployment is structural unemployment. This occurs when changing public tastes or advances in technology cause a fall in demand for some types of work. For example, computer technology has revolutionized the printing industry, and many traditional printers' jobs have become obsolete. Sometimes whole regions of a country suffer from high structural unemployment. The north-east of England, for example, was famous for many years for its shipbuilding industry. Competition from abroad forced many shipyards to close. This caused huge unemployment in the region.

How long structural unemployment lasts will depend on two things. Firstly, how easily the workforce can retrain for new jobs. This may be difficult for older workers who find it hard to learn new skills. There is also the question of who pays for the training. The second issue is mobility. Workers who are able to relocate easily to another part of the country will find new jobs more quickly.

There are two other kinds of unemployment which we should mention here. These are less serious, perhaps, but they are still difficult for governments to get rid of. The first is frictional unemployment. This is a natural kind of unemployment that occurs when someone leaves a job and is looking for another one that suits them. Frictional unemployment often happens because people want to leave their job in order to change careers. Few people walk straight into another job. However, when the economy is in recession, frictional unemployment will be more common because jobs are harder to find.

The second kind is seasonal unemployment. Some industries have busy periods and periods where there is no work at all. Some freelance farm workers, for example, get most of their work in the spring and summer. Like structural unemployment, seasonal unemployment can affect whole regions of a country. Areas that rely on summer tourism, for example, suffer serious unemployment during the autumn and winter months.

Задание 2.1. Ответьте письменно на вопросы:

1. What kind of unemployment happens regularly every year?

2. Which kind of unemployment happens because of advances in technology?

3. Which kind of unemployment may happen when someone wants it?

4. What kind of unemployment happens because of changes in economic growth?

5. Which kinds of unemployment happen in particular parts of the country?

Задание 2.2.  Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям:

Падение спроса,  рост экономики, экономическая рецессия, изменение общественных предпочтений, конкуренция из-за рубежа, целые регионы в стране, рабочая сила, научиться новым навыкам работы, оплата за переобучение, уйти с работы, зависеть от, изменить карьеру, спрос на рабочую силу.

Задание 3. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы инфинитива.

1. I think we need to set a deadline.

2. Anyone who has had dealings with an insurance company knows how long it takes for payments to be made.

3. Any purchase invoices should be checked and entered into the purchases day book and ledger.

4. The company’s cost-cutting program is expected to reduce expenses by $28millon next year.

5. Many consumers appear unwilling to lock themselves into a long-term loan or lease agreement.

6. Thomas sold off his shares in the company to pay off personal bank loans.

Задание 4. Прочитайте и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1. The consequences of being declared bankrupt will be harsh and severe.

2. The board hasn’t yet set a timetable for selecting a chief executive.

3. The import and export of goods is more complicated than conducting domestic business within a single country.

4. Setting up this business was really a hard job.

5. There's no point in waiting any longer.

6. What are the advantages of being self-employed?

7. He is in doubt about buying the correct software for his computer system.

Задание 5. Выберите правильную неличную форму глагола (инфинитив или герундий).

1. We must _______ you that your payment is overdue.

a. inform b. to inform c. informing

2. We have _______ overtime.

a. do b. to do c. doing

3. Do you mind _______ the window?

a. open b. to open с. opening

4. Catherine managed _______an important customer.

a. acquire b. to acquire c. acquiring

5. We look forward to _______ from you soon.

a. hear b. hearing

6. Jane is busy _______ invitations for our company's anniversary celebration.

a. write b. to write c. writing

7 Could you let me ______my sentence?

a. finish b. to finish c. finishing

8. It is hard _______ certain customers.

a. please b. to pleasec. pleasing

9. Let me begin by _______ you something about our company's history.

a. tell b. to tell c. telling

10. We risk _______ a lot of money.

a. lose b. to lose c. losing

Задание 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие I и причастиe II.

1. Members of stuff should conduct themselves in an appropriate manner when dealing with customers.

2. Loan capital is more appropriate to firms operating in stable markets.

3. Industries producing steel, paper and chemicals require very large quantities of water and tend to be found near rivers.

4. The selling price must relate to the production cost, which in turn, depends on the quantity sold, this quantity being dependent upon the sales price.

5. Rather than trying to reorganize, the airline will liquidate.

6. Put simply, a business process is a set of activities performed to serve a customer.

7. Taxes placed on goods and services are known as indirect taxes as opposed to direct taxes which are placed on income and wealth.

8. The information obtained is very valuable. .

9. Having examined the relationships between outputs and costs, we now show how the behaviour of cost may be reflected in the supply curve.

Задание 7. Выберите и запишите  правильный вариант перевода английских предложений:

1. The management of the firm wants them to report about the results of their negotiations.

a.   Дирекция фирмы хочет доложить им о результатах переговоров.

b.  Дирекция фирмы хочет, чтобы они доложили о результатах их переговоров.

c.   Дирекция фирмы хочет, чтобы им доложили о результатах их переговоров.

2. The customers are said to buy the goods at a price fixed by a special agreement.

a.   Заказчики говорят, что купят товары по цене, установленной специальным соглашением.

b.   Говорят, заказчики купят товары по цене, установленной специальным соглашением.

c.   Товары могут быть куплены заказчиками по специальной цене.

3. Would you like me to translate this text?

a.   Вам нравится, что я перевожу этот текст?

b.  Хотели бы вы, чтобы я перевел этот текст?

c.   Вы хотите перевести мне этот текст?

Задание 8. Выучите следующие слова и выражения к зачету по теме «Economy and employment».

1. наниматься на работу  - to apply for a job

2. заполнять заявление о приеме на работу  - to fill the application form 

3. получить должность -  to get a position 

4. нанимать на работу – to employ 

5. занятость -  employment 

6. работодатель -  employer

7. работник - employee

8. отвечать за -  to be responsible for 

9. опыт работы - work experience

10. прийти на интервью -  to attend the interview

11. обязанности - duties 

12. претенденты - applicants 

13. сверхурочное время - extra time

14. быть уволенным с работы - to be dismissed from one's job

15. премия - bonus 

16. высококвалифицированный специалист - a highly-skilled specialist

17. агентство по трудоустройству - employment agency

18. тест на профессиональную пригодность - aptitude test  

19. персонал, личный состав - personnel

20. биографические данные - background  

21. качество - quality

22. 6-недельный отпуск в году – 6-weeks holiday per year

23. зарплата по договоренности - salary negotiable

24. я владею основами….языка - I have a basic knowledge of…

25. у меня специальность - I have qualifications in…

26. по личным мотивам - for personal reasons

27. я хочу продвинуться по службе - I wish to improve my changes of promotion

28. он ушел от ответственности - he declined the responsibility

Задание 9. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме «Applying for a job». Будьте готовы к активной беседе с преподавателем по данной теме.