КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №3.

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. When the work had been completed the results were published in the magazine.

2. When the experiment was being made everybody was watching it with great interest.

3. A great deal of research work was done at this institute.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It was noisy in the hall as the students were talking about their summer holidays.

2. Last year the number of tourists to the Caucasus exceeded that of the previous one.

3. One must know traffic rules if one wants a drive a car safely.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. I have to translate the text but I have no dictionary.

2. The students usually do nothing on the day after the exam.

3. The weather was fine when we had our holidays.

4. He was only 12 when his family moved to Moscow.

5. Professor N was to deliver a lecture on history at the club.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастия, герундия, инфинитива.

1. Before writing our test we learn the necessary grammar rules.

2. Speaking about his new invention the young engineer told us many interesting things.

3. Alexei Leonov was the first man to step into space.

4. To build new electric stations is to develop our industry.

V. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

ENERGY AND ELECTRONS

1. The structure of atom is similar to planetary system, electrons orbiting around a certain nucleus. Electrons also rotate about their own axes. We know the rate of electron rotation and the orbital path determine the amount of energy passed by the atom.

2. The total energy contained in any atom is known to be the sum of the energies of the individual electrons. Electrons of a given atom can be changed from their position by different energies. Radioactive materials, for example, are constantly undergoing a change. Radioactive energy emitted from the material changes it from one form to another. It is also possible to change the atom structure by means of controlled nuclear reaction.

3. There is a simple method of changing the amount of energy in a given atomic structure. A photoelectric cell has a large area photocathode made from chemically active materials. These materials are alkali metals.

4. There are two basic laws of photo electricity. The first law states that the number of electrons released per unit of time from photoelectric surface is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light ( падающий свет ).

5. The second law states that the maximum energy of electrons coming from photoelectric surface is independent of the intensity of the incident light and is directly proportional to the frequency of the light. The higher the frequency of incident of radiation, the higher is the energy of photoelectrons.

ВАРИАНТ 2.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. After the lecture had been delivered we asked many questions, and the lecturer answered them.

2. Many specialists are trained for the national economy.

3. These students will be sent to Moscow to take part in the conference.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The crowd came close to the speaker, as it was interested in the theme of his speech.

2. One must choose a profession which one likes.

3. My room is very light, that of my brother is not so light but it is large.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. The examination paper had to contain not less than ten grammar exercises.

2. This book does not give any information on the history of chemistry.

3. I have been to Kiev this summer.

4. All the students were present at the lecture yesterday.

5. A new pump station is to be set up in this cotton-growing area.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастия, герундия, инфинитива.

1. He was informed about their coming to Moscow.

2. Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

3. While building the bridge the workers used new materials.

4. To study geometry means to train logical thinking.

V. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

ATOM AND ELECTRON

1. Present atomic theories, based on the atom model, place the mass and the positive charge of an atom in a central nucleus, surrounded by moving electrons. The nucleus is composed of neutrons and protons. Neutrons have a mass approximately one-sixteenth that of the mass of the oxygen atom and have zero electrical charge. The proton has a mass slightly lighter than that of the neutron and approximately equal to the mass of the hydrogen H.

2. The chemical elements are differentiated by varying numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, numbers of protons being equal to the atomic number, hydrogen having one, helium two, and so on.

3. The electron is the smallest known indivisible unit of electric charge. Early experimenters succeeded in the measuring the ratio of the charge of the electron to mass, and in 1910 the charge was first measured, thus determining these properties of the electron.

4. The electron appears to have a dual personality, at times being best thought of as a particle, and in other experiments seeming to require wave properties for a satisfactory explanation of the phenomena.

5. Electric current is due to the movement of electric charges, frequently referred to as electrons. However, long before the existence of the electron was known, it was customary to speak of electric current as due to movement of positive charges from positive to negative in a metallic circuit external to the source.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. The construction of the oil center began after the plan had been adopted.

2. These text-books in chemistry were printed in our print shop.

3. A chain of thermal and atomic plants was built in 1970s in our country.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. A barometer is an instrument that measures air pressure.

2. As the experiment was very interesting many people watched it.

3. One can easily forget foreign words that one does not use every day.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Every candidate to the Institute has to take exams.

2. We did not know any student in that group.

3. He was the best football player of our school.

4. This new school building was to be ready last month.

5. Usually we have two lectures every day.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастия, герундия, инфинитива.

1. The teacher told the pupils to learn the poem by heart.

2. Seeing is believing.

3. The melting snow flows down from the roofs through pipes.

4. The transmitter operating on the low frequencies was constructed by these students.

V. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. The conversion of sound waves into electric currents and the amplification of these currents are two basic electronic techniques required for record players, different electronic techniques.

2. There are many reasons why it is not possible to transmit radio waves of very low frequencies, but for one things ( но, во-первых ) the transmitting aerial will be impossibly large. It is therefore not possible to broadcast electromagnetic waves of audio frequencies, and for long-distance transmission it is necessary to resort to higher frequencies and therefore shorter wavelengths.

3. In general, electromagnetic waves are propagated through the Earth’s atmosphere in two ways: travel over the surface of the Earth, and waves, which leave the surface of the Earth.

4. Long waves are transmitted over ground and therefore lose a good deal of their energy in passing through ground obstacles; they consequently have only a limited range. The shorter waves escape more easily from the surface of the Earth. Very short waves pass through the ionosphere so they can be used for long-distance communication. This is why the range of TV stations is limited.

5. This problem has been overcome in recent years by the use of communication satellite. If the satellite simply reflects the radiation, it is called a passive satellite, where if it receives the signal and retransmits an amplified signal, it is called an active satellite.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

2. Our new laboratory will soon be provided with the most up-to-date equipment.

3. The expedition starts next month; it is being supplied with all the necessary equipment.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. You have to make the experiment once more; do it at once.

2. It is pleasant that we live in the age of space travels.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Students will have to put questions to the text.

2. He says that he has never been to Moscow.

3. There are many power stations in the eastern regions of Russia.

4. The emission or evaporation of electrons takes place at lower temperatures than does that of atoms.

5. When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute?

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастия, герундия, инфинитива.

1. The temperature of a liquid is raised by heating.

2. To keep the instruments in order we must place them into the instrument box.

3. While making the report he demonstrated his new device.

4. We examined the equipment to be introduced at this plant.

V. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

GOLD LIGHTS

1. We receive natural light from the Sun, whose surface is heated to a temperature of 10,832 degrees Fahrenheit. But visible light may be radiated by cold as well as by hot bodies.

2. Substances that transform energy into light without becoming heat are called luminofores, and the light they radiate – luminescence. There are many substances in nature that are capable of absorbing invisible ultraviolet rays and turning them into visible light.

3. There exist two forms of luminofores. In one case the molecules themselves have the ability of transforming absorbed energy into visible light. This group includes certain components of oil and many dyes and chemical compounds. The second group is made up of crystallized substances called phosphors including very small quantities of other substances.

4. Luminofores are widely used in modern technique, in particular in the production of luminescence lamps – a common feature of our everyday life.

5. Luminescence is also used in television, a luminous screen being an important part of television picture tubes. Luminofores enable also to discover and observe such radiations as ultra red, ultraviolet, X-ray and alpha that are invisible to the eye as well as fast-moving elementary particles produced by radioactive disintegration or artificial transformation of the atomic nucleus.  

ВАРИАНТ 5. 

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

1. The everyday life of Londoners is often seriously affected by the fog.

2. An excursion to places of historical interest has been organized at our Institute.

3. The new power station that is being built now in this town will produce thousands of kw of energy.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. This new machine will be more effective than that of an old design.

2. It is not easy to solve this problem.

3. One seldom likes waiting for somebody.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. They have to get up at 6 o’clock as their working day begins at 8.

2. You have much time to do this exercise, and it is not difficult.

3. The workers have improved their methods of work.

4. The expedition is to start next Sunday.

5. My favourite occupation is reading.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастия, герундия, инфинитива.

1. Water may be changed into ice by freezing.

2. We use a thermometer to measure temperature.

3. The only way of getting knowledge is to learn.

4. To read ancient mathematical tables was very difficult.

5. Looking out of the window you could see the new building of Moscow University.

V. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

COMPUTERS

1. Computers are well known to represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them having appeared less than 60 years ago. Although still new, these machines are already bringing about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics and automatic control.

2. The reason for this is the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations.

3. Electronic computer with a high speed can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past is now done in a few minutes or hours. A number of various complicated problems have already been solved with the help of computers.

4. The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.

5. Electronic machines work according to a program prepared in advance which determines the sequence of operations. They have a very efficient electronic memory which stores the initial date, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as working commands given to the machine.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. New kinds of computers are expected to perform calculations with great precision.

2. The designer expected the electronic computer to perform over ten thousand operations every second.

3. We want this machinery to be used at our shop.

4. Under these conditions the output of the plant is likely to increase.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Having used a laser beam, scientists obtained accurate calculation of Jupiter’s temperature.

2. The engineers of our Institute having developed a new type of semiconductor laser, it was tested at several plants.

3. All machines that have been built by man have some energy “loss”, this energy being converted into useless heat due to friction.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. If a free electron were in a vacuum within the electric field set up between positive and negative electrodes, the negatively charged electron would be attracted to the positive electrode.

2. If we had tested this material, we would have used it in our construction.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

HISTORY OF TRANSPORT

1. Transportation takes us where we want to go, and brings us nearly everything we eat, wear, and use in daily life. Day and night swift airlines speed passengers through the sky. Long trains roar across the countryside carrying passengers, mail and such products as food, livestock and coal. Automobiles, buses and huge trucks rumble along the streets and highways.

2. Developments in transportation have cut travel time greatly in the past 200 years. In 1800 it often took a businessman a month to travel by sailing ship from London to New York City. Today we can travel this distance by jet airliner in only a few hours. Modern transportation also makes it possible to travel in comfort. Many of today’s trains have soft, reclining seats. Air conditioning may keep the air clean and cool and dining cars serve tasty meals.

3. Transportation would not be possible without communication. It depends on communication just as communication depends on transportation. Automobiles and trucks could not travel on crowded streets and highways without street signs and traffic lights. Automatic block signals and other means of communication enable railroads to operate safely. Airplanes could not land and take off safely without radio, radar and other electronic communication devices.

4. Without transportation our modern society could not exist. We would have no meals, no coal and no oil. Besides we would have to spend most of our time raising food – and the food would be limited to the kinds that could grow in the climate and soil of our own neighborhoods.

5. Transportation also affects our lives in other ways. Transportation can speed a doctor to the side of a sick person. It can take policemen to the scene of a crime within moments of being notified. In times of disaster, transportation can rush aid to persons in areas stricken by floods, famines and earthquakes.

ВАРИАНТ 2. 

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Electronics is thought to be a young science.

2. The electric generator is known to be a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

3. We assume these charts to give accurate results for such sections which are reinforced in tension or compression.

4. Such method of making drawings requires every size of the object to be divided by the proportion of the scale.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. There being no other traffic, the driver can maintain a constant speed of 90 km/hr.

2. Technique having reached a high stage of development, new methods of work became possible.

3. Having discovered rich deposits of iron-ore people began to construct an iron and steel works in this district.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. Provided the geologists used the necessary instruments, the measurement would be correct.

2. If the operator’s cabin had been equipped with remote control, he would have been able to work faster and with greater precision.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

KINDS OF TRANSPORTATION

1. There are three main kinds of transportation: land, water and air. Each has advantages and disadvantages. For example, trucks and trains can operate in storms that may ground airplanes or keep ships in harbors. Weather and geographical conditions may also determine the type of transportation used in a region.

2. On land the chief forms of transportation are automobiles, railroads, trucks and pipelines. Automobiles provide the most important means of passenger travel in the USA and Canada. The automobile also is important in land transportation in Western Europe and some other parts of the world. Railroads haul about half of the freight and pipeline transport a little less than a fifth.

3. Other means of land transport include buses, streetcars, electric elevated trains, subway trains, motorcycles, etc. Buses serve as a main means of transporting people between cities in many parts of the world and also within larger cities and towns. People in some countries use motorcycles, motor scooters and bicycles as widely as Americans use automobiles.

4. On water transportation follows chief routes: on lakes, on rivers and across oceans. The USA and Canada are the only countries with the advantage of a system of inland waterways like the Great Lakes. River transportation provides cheap, efficient water transportation for much of the heart of the country. Ocean serves as the main artery of transportation between continents.

5. Jet airlines enable travelers to eat breakfast in New York City and have dinner in London. Airplanes usually follow the shortest route between two points because they can fly over mountains and water barriers. Helicopters are also important in air transportation.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We know a laser to be a device that stimulates the electrons of a light-producing material to vibrate simultaneously giving off a light with tremendous energy.

2. Lasers are known to have found an application in the printing industry.

3. Light waves are now believed to be due to the motions of electrons themselves within the atoms.

4. Chemical investigation has shown each element to combine with another only in definite proportions.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. The first laser having been built about 30 years ago, scientists developed several types of lasers.

2. Having developed quantum generators called lasers, scientists are looking for practical use for a new kind of ray which is millions of times brighter than the Sun.

3. Semiconductor lasers are able to transform electric energy directly into light wave energy, this property of semiconductor lasers opening up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. If the Earth had no atmosphere, its heated surface would quickly radiate back into space all the energy which reaches it from the Sun.

2. Had the checking up of the experimental data not taken so much time, we should have completed our work long ago.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

LASER

1. The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology and in the nature of productive labour.

2. The laser can cure diseases. It has become indispensable as a means of space communication. Its beam produces a sharp picture on the TV screen. Moreover, it can increase the size of the TV screen to that of a modern cinema. The laser cuts steel, pierces hard alloys and diamonds and drills holes through them a few microns in diameter.

3. Nevertheless, the laser no doubt has innumerable other applications which we are still to discover.

4. Let us begin with optical methods of data processing. Technological progress calls for ( требовать ) ever more efficient electronic computers. Multipurpose computers capable of performing more than ten million operations per second have already been designed and built. Laser devices will apparently make it possible to build extremely fast computer elements capable of doing up to a thousand million operations a second.

5. Today the enterprises are producing a number of machine tools and automatic devices intended for production lines. The machine tools for working jewel bearings for the watch industry and diamond files for wire drawing are now used on a wide scale. These machine tools bring a substantial economic effect. Machine tools employing carbon dioxide lasers for cutting quartz and glass pipes and for crystal and glass engraving are being introduced into industry. Lasers have found an application in the printing industry.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The application of plastics enables the railway to receive light and strong cars with good resistance to mechanical damage.

2. We heard the operation experts demand the reduction of the overall weight of vehicles ( транспортные средства ).

3. This type of engine is said to have some advantages.

4. Plastics used in transport are supposed to have no special reinforcement.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Zinc being the cheapest metal with a strong tendency to lose electrons, we commonly use it for the production of electric current.

2. Electrical machines perform a giant’s share of the work done today, this share steadily increasing.

3. Having obtained new devices the researchers could make complex experiments.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. If somebody wants to design a car of the advanced type, he must take into account the properties of some of the new materials.

2. Had there been better conditions, the construction of the new car body would have been finished much earlier.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE CAR OF THE FUTURE

1. It is safe to predict that in the near future most cars will use the internal combustion engine and burn petrol. At the present rate of production oil supplies will run out in about fifty years, and we will have to look for other sources of energy. That is one of the most important aspects of the problem, another being the damage that exhaust fumes do to the environment and health of the people, especially in the towns.

2. What kind of vehicle will eventually take over? ( приходить на смену ) At present there is a lot of talk about electric cars, for they have the advantage of giving off no exhaust fumes. The electric car has a long history. The first cars were built at the end of the last century but they could not compete against the internal combustion engine.

3. They have several disadvantages. First, we have no really suitable batteries – they tend to be too heavy, take a long time to charge, have too small capacity and a relatively short life.

4. So scientists and engineers are looking for better storage batteries and cells, and ways of using energy more economically and recharging batteries during deceleration.

5. Today thermal power-stations burning coal and oil, the resources of which are not inexhaustible, give a considerable proportion of the total electric power output. Water power is also limited, and at present the output of atomic power-stations is still insignificant, and one cannot tell yet if they and future thermonuclear power-stations will ever meet the world needs of motor transport. Therefore, car manufacturers are looking for other energy and fuel sources.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Automation is known to have speed up both the development of rocket production and that of nuclear energy.

2. The new system of automatic control is likely to be used in the near future.

3. We know the existence of life on Earth to depend upon the continuous receipt of enormous quantities of energy from the Sun.

4. In recent years we have seen vast new progress take place in space research.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.

2. Having made a great many observations during their flights, cosmonauts successfully fulfilled their programme.

3. Space research is being developed rapidly in our country, automation being widely used in space research.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. A great number of stones lying on the Moon’s surface proved that the lunar ground was firm enough and would not sink, if it were stepped on, walked across or put heavy weight upon.

2. It would have been impossible to launch space rockets, if we had not had the necessary polymeric materials and synthetic fuels.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE ORBITAL STATIONS OF THE FUTURE

1. Long-term orbital research stations are very useful to scientists today for weather forecasting, agriculture, geology, sea and air transport and for protecting the environment.

2. A modern long-term orbital station is a research laboratory in space, where the researches can be done that are quite unconceivable on Earth.

3. Take physics. Because there is no atmosphere in space, physicists can study cosmic rays, carry out experiments that may help discover new nuclear reactions and elementary particles.

4. Then, too, in weightlessness we could get purer materials. When molten metal cools off on the Earth, the density will always be slightly uneven because the surrounding temperature is uneven while gravity upsets the structural balance by distorting the crystallization leaving us with an imperfect end product. In space these problems are avoided, there is no gravity and no atmosphere, so the quality of crystals is sharply improved.

5. The crystals grown in weightlessness are extra pure substances which can be used for semiconductors, lasers, computer engineering and in medicine. There will be space observatories too – the research is already under way. From orbit one can watch the development of cyclones and typhoons, predict when they will strike and give an advance warning.