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КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА N 5 1. Порядок слов в английском вопросительном предложении (общие, альтернативные, специальные вопросы). 2. Личные местоимения (в именительном и объектном падежах). 3. Притяжательные местоимения (в простой и абсолютной формах). 4. Возвратно-усилительные местоимения. 5. Многозначность still, yet, far. ВАРИАНТ 1 1. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним общие вопросы, переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. My brother works at the plant. 2. We listen to the tapes in the English language laboratory. 3. In the evening I had a rest.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним альтернативные вопросы, переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. You studied at the Ufa Petroleum University. 2. I live in the hostel. 3. They will return in a week.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним специальные вопросы, начиная их с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках; переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. Mary understands this rule quite well. (Who?) 2. It is a book on chess. (What kind of?) 3. The shipbuilding is largely concentrated in Glasgow and Newcastle. (Where?) 4. I don't want to speak about it. (Why?)
4. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод личного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. Show (ему) your drawing, (her, he, him, them) 2. Tell (им) about your new flat, (they, them, her, we) 3. These flowers are so nice. (Я) am fond of (их). (they, them, us, I) 4. Let's ask (ее) about her foreign language classes, (her, she, it, him)
5. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод притяжательного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. Where are (ее) parents? (his, her, their, its) 2. They are busy with (своими) lessons, (her, his, their, its) 3. I like a friend of (мой) (my, his, mine, your) 4. This is (их) flat, (their, its, her, his)
6. Перепишите предложения. вставив правильную форму возвратно - усилительного местоимения (himself, herself, itself, myself, yourself, themselves, yourselves, ourselves). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The boy hurt ... . 2. The dog rose to its foot and shook ... . 3. Children like to hide ... here.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая вникание на различные значения yet, still, far. 1. They have not heard the news yet. 2. Have they left yet? 3. It was still very foggy and extremely cold, there was no noise of people running to and fro. 4. The number of discoveries in the 19th century was much bigger than in the 16th century, but the number of discoveries in the 20th century was still bigger. 5. The shop is not far from here. 6. There are far lower temperatures on other planets than on the Earth.
8. Прочтите и устно переведите текст The Internet. The Internet The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet swithing. Vowing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-swithing network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War. Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet. In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations. But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled - but inexpensive - Chinese computer-aided-design specialists. However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding. But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved.
9. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы: 1. What is the Internet? 2. What was the Internet originally designed for? 3. What country are most of the Internet host computers in? 4. What is the most popular Internet service? 5. Whom do you have to pay for sending e-mail messages?
ВАРИАНТ 2 1. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним общие вопросы, переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. We described pictures in class. 2. I want to speak on this topic. 3. She translates sentences from Russian into English.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним альтернативные вопросы, переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. The academic year lasts 10 months. 2. My friend will study French. 3. I have many English books at home.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним специальные вопросы, начиная их с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках; переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. A teacher thinks of his pupils. (Who?) 2. My friend prepares his homework in the evening. (When?) 3. There is one mistake in your exercise, but a very bad one. (How many?) 4. You were speaking to your friend when I met you. (To whom?)
4. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод личного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. Tell (нам) about this town, (you, us, we, them) 2. (Он) is busy with his lessons. Don't speak to (ним), (him, he, them, she) 3. Look at (нее). She is ill. (her, it, him, she) 4. Jack is telling (нам) about his work, (them, we, you, us)
5. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод притяжательного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. What colour are the walls in that room? (Ее) walls are grey. (her, its, his, their) 2. (Мои) parents are young, (his, my, her, our) 3. (Наша) flat has five rooms, (my, his, their, our) 4. This is the best friend of (наш), (our, yours, ours, his)
6. Перепишите предложения, вставив правильную форму возвратно-усилительного местоимения (himself, herself, itself, myself, yourself, themselves, yourselves, ourselves). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. She looked at ... in the mirror. 2. I found a picture of ... at the age of ten. 3. My brother wanted to help us, but we decided to try and do it ... without his help.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая 1. I haven't yet come to any conclusion. 2. Has she graduated from the Institute yet? 3. While being still young Lomonosov displayed great abilities for learning and he mastered reading and writing. 4. They may be still working in the laboratory. 5. Did you have to walk far? 6. The new method is far surer than the old one.
8. Прочтите и устно переведите текст Multitasking. Multitasking after S. McCartney From the earliest time people have been trying to do several things simultaneously. They can read a book, cook dinner, talk on the phone, and do many other things at the same time. As car has become available, the time of multitasking has increased: people drive, listen to the radio, eat and smoke in the cars at the same time. Now an arsenal of new technology (from notebook computers to cellular phones and portable televisions) makes it possible for everyone to multitask all day. The computer industry introduced the word "multitasking" to the vocabulary. Mainframe computers that handled networks were the original multitaskers. Apple's and Microsoft's software turned millions of personal computers into multitaskers. Today millions of people can set their personal computers to multitask while they are themselves multitasking: talking on the phone, receiving faxes, and looking through newspapers at the same time. While multitasking is not bad for computers, it may be a bad thing for some people. Psychologists say it is possible for the human brain to process two or more tasks at the same time, but only one of them receives sharp attention. Multitasking makes stressful lives of people more stressful. Experts say that although a lot of people believe that multitasking enhances their productivity, in fact it can reduce it. Because of the limitation of human brain, multitasking can lead to many mistakes. Indeed, a person who is doing several things at the same time may put the wrong number in a spreadsheet or send a message to the wrong e-mail address. Moreover, people on the other end of the line don't usually like to talk to a person who is doing something else while talking to them. It may alienate the people from the multitasker. Multitaskers also like to do more than one thing at once even in their leisure time. They cannot watch television without reading a newspaper or have dinner without watching TV. Now multitasking takes place nearly everywhere. A lot of businessmen and managers are never far from their notebook computers and cellular telephones. They are almost always doing two or three things at once, driving and dialing, speaking and typing on keyboards of their computers. On airplanes they are using their notebook computers to answer e-mail messages. While driving, they are speaking on their cellular phones. "Why wait?' they аsk. "That's the world we live right now."
9. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы: 1. What is multitasking? 2. Are you a multitasker? 3. How many things are you doing at the same time: at your office, at home, when you are driving to your office or home, when you are watching TV or having dinner? 4. Would you say it's dangerous to be a multitasker? 5. Why are many businessmen and managers multitaskers?
ВАРИАНТ 3 1. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним общие вопросы, переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. I am glad to see her. 2. My sister wants to learn to speak Spanish. 3. We answered our teacher's questions in class.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним альтернативные вопросы, переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. The autumn term will last four months. 2. Geology is a theoretical science. 3. At present there are about three hundred technical institutions in Great Britain.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним специальные вопросы, начиная их с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках; переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. My book is lying on the shelf. (What?) 2. Her husband can explain it. (Who?) 3. My brother has 12 English books. (How many?) 4. It must be done very quickly. (How?)
4. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод личного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. Show (им) the plan of our work, (they, them, him, us) 2. (Она) is helping (ему) with his lessons, (her, she, him, he) 3. His children are so nice. I am fond of (их). (them, they, her, him) 4. This engineer works with (мной). (him, her, me, you)
5. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод притяжательного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. (Их) children are in the garden, (our, their, her, his) 2. What colour is (его) bag? (its, her, his, hers) 3. (Ee) sister is married, (hers, his, her, our) 4. My room is large, (твоя) is larger and (ее) is the largest. (your, his, hers, yours, ours)
6. Перепишите предложения, вставив правильную форму возвратно-усилительного местоимения (himself, herself, itself, myself, yourself, themselves, yourselves, ourselves). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I ... have never been there. 2. You said so ... . 3. But while we were enjoying ... in eating and drinking, the island all of a sudden trembled and shook us terribly.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения yet, still, far. 1. It isn't late yet but you can hardly see anything in front of you. 2. Has your mother answered the letter yet? 3. A monument near London Bridge still marks the place where the Great Fire of London began. 4. He gave still another reason. 5. I live far from the Institute but near the city library. 6. This text is far more difficult than the one we translated yesterday.
8. Прочтите и устно переведите текст The Spirit of an Organization. The Spirit of an Organization After Peter Drucker "The practice of Management" Two sayings sum up the "spirit of an organization." One is the inscription on Andrew Carnegie's tombstone: Here lies a man Who knew how to enlist In his service Better men than himself The other is the slogan of the drive to find jobs for the physically handicapped: "It's the abilities, not the disabilities, that count." Management by objective tells a manager what he ought to do. The proper organization of his job enables him to do it. But it is the spirit of the organization that determines whether he will do it. It is the spirit that motivates, that calls upon a man's reserves of dedication and effort, that decides whether he will give his best or do just enough to get by. It is the purpose of an organization to "make common men do uncommon things" - this phrasing is Lord Beveridge's. No organization can depend on genius; the supply is always scarce and always unpredictable. But it is the test of an organization that it make ordinary human beings perform better than they are capable of, that it bring out whatever strength there is in its members and use it to make all other members perform more and better. It is the test of an organization that it neutralize the weaknesses of its members. Altogether the test of good spirit is not that "people get along together"; it is performance, not conformance. "Good human relations" not grounded in the satisfaction of good performance and the harmony of proper working relations are actually poor human relations and result in poor spirit. They do not make people grow: they make them conform and contract. I shall never forget "the university president who once said to me: "It is my job to make it possible for the first-rate teacher to teach. Whether he gets along with his colleagues or with me - and very few of really good teachers do either - is irrelevant. We certainly have a collection of problem children here - but, boy, do they teach." And when his successor substituted for this a policy of "peace and harmony", both the performance and the spirit of the faculty rapidly went to pieces. There are five areas in which practices are required to ensure the right spirit throughout management organization. 1. There must be high performance requirements; no condoning of poor or mediocre performance; and rewards must be based on performance. 2. Each management job must be a rewarding job in itself rather than just a step in the promotion ladder. 3. There must be rational and just promotion system. 4. Management needs a "charter" spelling out clearly who has the power to make life-and-death decisions affecting a manager; and there should be some way for a manager to appeal to a higher court. 5. In its appointments management must demonstrate that it realizes that integrity is the absolute requirement of a manager, the one quality that he has to bring with him and cannot be expected to acquire later on. A man should never be appointed to a managerial position if his vision focuses on people's weaknesses rather than on their strengths. He should be a realist; and no one is less realistic than the cynic. A man should never be appointed if he is more interested in the question: "Who is right?" than in the question: "What is right?" Management should never appoint a man who considers intelligence more important than integrity. The men with whom a man works, and especially his subordinates, know in a few weeks whether he has integrity or not. They may forgive a man a great deal: incompetence, ignorance, insecurity or bad manners. But they will not forgive him lack of integrity. Nor will they forgive higher management for choosing him.
9. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы: 1. What sayings sum up the "spirit of an organization"? 2. What is the purpose of an organization? 3. Why is performance the test of good spirit? 4. What man should never be appointed to a managerial position? 5. What quality will the subordinates never forgive a manager?
ВАРИАНТ 4 1. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним общие вопросы, переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. The candidate submitted his documents. 2. The continent of Antarctica lies at and around the South Pole. 3. She is always attentive in class.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним альтернативные вопросы, переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The head engineer gave his instructions to the workers. 2. George was showing his mother's photo to his friend. 3. We ask each other questions.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения; задайте к ним специальные вопросы, начиная их с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках; переведите вопросы на русский язык. 1. The war ruined many cities. (What?) 2. A mother speaks of her children. (Who?) 3. Summer is the best season for travelling. (Which?) 4. You went skiing yesterday in spite of the weather. (When?)
4. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод личного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. (Он) is fond of reading. Give these books to (ему), (him, he, her, us) 2. (Они) are in the classroom. Let's go there and tell (им) about our plans, (they, us, them, him) 3. (Мы) shall test this device tomorrow, (us, we, you, they) 4. Look at (него). (he, her, him, they)
5. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный перевод притяжательного местоимения, данного в скобках. 1. This classroom is (наша), (our, its, ours, their) 2. Don't take (ее) pen, take (мою), (my, his, her, mine, hers) 3. Nick is helping (своему) friend with (его) English. (her, his, their, hers) 4. Ann is busy with (своими) lessons. (Ee) father is dead, (their, his, her, hers)
6. Перепишите предложения, вставив правильную форму возвратно усилительного местоимения (himself, herself, itself, myself, yourself, themselves, yourselves, ourselves). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I want him to do it . . . . 2. She fell down and hurt ... . 3. They dressed ... "all in their best" and at last went to the theatre.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения yet, still, far. 1. "Are you ready to translate the text?" - "Not yet." 2. Have they taken their exams yet? 3. Though she is very old she still does a lot of things about the house. 4. My friend's interest in physics is as great as that in chemistry but his interest in mechanics is still greater. 5. Their office is as far away from here as ours. 6. The distance from the Sun to the Earth is far greater than that from the Moon.
8. Прочтите и устно переведите тексты Advertising и Marketing. Advertising Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of products, services, or ideas by an identifiable individual or organization. It flourishes mainly in free-market, profit-oriented countries. It is one of the most important factors in accelerating the distribution of products and helping to raise the standard of living. Advertising cannot turn a poor product or service into a good one. But what it can do - and does - is to create an awareness about both old and new products and services. So three main objectives of advertising are: 1) to produce knowledge about the product or service; 2) to create preference for it; and 3) to stimulate thought and action about it. Advertisers. Most companies that advertise extensively have advertising managers, or brand managers. Because these people help to coordinate the company's advertising program with its sales program and with the company's advertising agency, they must have aptitudes for both advertising and management. Media. All media use salesmen to sell advertising space or broadcasting time. Media salesmen must be knowledgeable about business and skilled in salesmanship. Advertising Agencies. A variety of specialists is required in an advertising agency because it develops advertising programs, prepares advertisements, and places them in media. Marketing As defined by the committee on definitions of the American Marketing Association, marketing is "the performance of business activities directed toward and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user." Today discovering demand, managing demand, and physically supplying demand constitute the three major divisions of Marketing effort undertaken by many firms. Marketing management approached this status in the 1950's when the General Electric Company enunciated a policy declaring that "marketing begins with the consumer." By discovering and filling unmet wants, its marketing program was designed to produce what General Electric could sell because customers had certain unmet wants. Subsequently, having what you could sell instead of trying to "high pressure" customers into buying what you have required provided the use of marketing research and environment "scanning" of conditions affecting business. The key concept of market selection and product planning is the Product Life Cycle. It predicts that any product passes through various stages between its life and death (introduction - growth - maturity - decline). So companies can make better marketing decisions if they find out where each of their product stands in its life cycle.
9. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы: 1. What is advertising? 2. Can you name three main objectives of advertising? 3. How is marketing defined by the committee on definitions of the American Marketing Association? 4. When did the General Electric Company enunciate a policy declaring that "marketing begins with the consumer"? 5. What stages does any product pass between its life and death?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА N 6 1. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. 2. Местоимения all, every, each, everybody, everyone, everything. 3. Местоимения other, another, each other, one another, such, same. 4. Местоимения much, many, little, few, a little, a few, a lot of, lots of, a great deal, a great many, plenty of. 5. Согласование времен. 6. Сослагательное наклонение. 7. Многозначность either, neither. ВАРИАНТ 1 1. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (some, any, no, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, no one, none, something, anything, nothing). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. When I needed help, he didn't ask ... questions. 2. I know ... about them. 3. ... tells me anything. 4. "Have you ... money?" - "Yes." - "Loan me ... ."
2. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (all, every, each, everybody, everyone, everything). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I want to hear ... they say. 2. I have ... he has ever written. 3. He shouted her name twice, ... time banging his fist on the table. 4. ... trunks must be labelled before being deposited in the left-luggage office.
3. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (other, another, each other, one another, such, same). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The bar was kept by two very nice girls, one was American and the ... English. 2. The rest of us looked at ... in amazement. 3. I had ... a busy morning that I had no time to call you up.
4. Перепишите предложения, правильно выбрав одно из местоимений, данных в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Philip had (few, little) friends. 2. Aunt Florrie had (a little, a few) money while none of the other family had inherited as (much, many) as a pound. 3. In the last twenty-four hours too (little, many) things had happened. 4. There is (a lot of, many) work to do.
5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на правило согласования Времен. 1. Не asked me what work I was doing and whether I intended to go to a University. 2. It was also rumoured that Dan had got married. 3. She claimed that she had met Monty on her way home. Monty had told her that I would probably come to his place later.
6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая 1. I wish I knew how you reach your results. 2. I wished I hadn't wasted so much money when I got there. 3. She suggested that this date be a day of international solidarity. 4. They proposed that the issue should be discussed in a week.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод either, either ... or, neither, neither ... nor. 1. "She is either very ill or has gone away." "What can one do about it in either case?" 2. "Which job are you going to take?" "I'm afraid, neither." 3. You can borrow either of my two cameras. 4. They are neither for nor against our plan of action.
8. Прочтите тексты. Найдите в правой колонке значения выделенных в текстах слов. Изложите содержание текстов на русском языке своими словами. The Explosion of Krakatoa There are few sights that are more impressive and AWESOME than the ERUPTION of an active volcano. There are few natural events that tо singularly dwarf man's PUNY attempts to control his environment. Perhaps the greatest volcanic ERUPTION of modern times took place in 1883 when the island of Krakatoa in Indonesia blew up as the result of a volcanic explosion. An enormous tidal wave resulted that proved catastrophic to the nearby coasts of Java and Sumatra. New islands were formed by the lava that poured out, and DEBRIS was scattered across the Indian Ocean for hundreds of miles. Volcanic material, DISPERSED seventeen miles into the atmosphere, created startingly beautiful sunsets for years afterwards. 1) awesome a) scattered, spread, broken up 2) debris b) weak, unimportant 3) dispersed c) inspiring terror, weird 4) eruption d) ruins, fragments 5) puny e) bursting out A Universal Danger Man's ability to OBLITERATE life on this planet has increased at a rapid rate. We are now faced with the DEPLORABLE prospect of new weapons that can cause destruction of life and property on a scale far beyond our imagination. No matter who takes the first step to INITIATE a conflict, the possibility exists that the CONFLAGRATION will spread and envelop the world. Much thought has been given to ways and means of preventing this catastrophe. Some consider it mandatory that the nuclear powers seek agreement on methods of limiting and controlling these weapons, for in the absence of such an agreement, we may -RUE the day atomic energy was made practical. 1) obliterate a) regret 2) deplorable b) sad, pitiable 3) initiate c) erase, wipe out 4) conflagration d) start, set going 5) rue e) great fire Taken for Granted The presence of an ever-flowing supply of fresh, clean water is taken for granted. Unfortunately, this CONGENIAL condition is fast disappearing. As our population increases, as industry consumes more water each year, the level of our underground water supply sinks measurably. There is no way to HOARD water; there are many ways to conserve it. During a particularly dry spell, New York City found its reservoirs going dry. Only then did the residents begin to heed the SAGE advice to limit the wasteful uses of water. Under the AEGIS of the Water Commissioner, citizens were encouraged to develop habits that would save water. The continued imprudent waste by each of us of this most basic resource will work to the DETRIMENT of all. 1) congenial a) injury, damage, hurt 2) hoard (v) b) sympathetic, agreeable 3) sage c) shield, protection, sponsorship 4) aegis d) hide, store, accumulate 5) detriment e) wise man, philosopher An Ageless Society Ever so often we can read about a man or woman who has reached an age far beyond the limits we ordinarily expect. Reports of a man in Chile or a woman in Turkey who has celebrated the 105th or 110th birthday occur regularly. The natural question is, to what do these people owe their LONGEVITY? Frequently, the 1) longevity a) long duration of life 2) imbibe b) masterful, manly 3) virile c) drink 4) senile d) infirm, weak from old age 5) doddering e) trembling, shaking
ВАРИАНТ 2 1. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, somebody, anyone, no one, none, something, anything, nothing). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Have you . . . cheese? 2. If there's ... you want, let me know. 3. ... answered her, as she addressed ... in particular. 4. There are ... pears on the tree.
2. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (all, every, each, everybody, everyone, everything). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Soon ... were asleep. 2. She took the initiative and herself spoke to ... she knew. 3. She had something to say on ... subject. 4. They broke into little groups; ... had his own wonderful story to tell.
3. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (other, another, each other, one another, such, same). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. ... people have told me the same thing. 2. These three ladies disliked and distrusted .... 3. I was astonished and at the ... time very much excited.
4. Перепишите предложения, правильно выбрав одно из местоимений, данных в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Martin spent so (much, many) time in the hospital. 2. At the bar {a few, a little) men were discussing the coming elections in loud tones. 3. There were (few, little) people in the square, and I did not notice the faces as I hurried past. 4. She knows (lots of, much) girls who go out dancing every Saturday.
5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен. 1. In the hotel the waiter told me that an American had been staying there for three months. 2. It was understood that he would invite us to lunch on Saturday. 3. The last two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she was unwell and did not leave home.
6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая 1. I wish you didn't have to go. Why must you? 2. Oh, I wish I hadn't sent him that letter telling him to take care of himself. 3. It is important, however, that no hasty actions be taken which could complicate the situation. 4. He then suggested that we should drop the discussion and talk about something else.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод either, either ... or, neither … nor. 1. I can speak neither Chinese nor Japanese. 2. I could hear them both, but saw neither. 3. She can play with the tennis racket in either hand. 4. I don't want either to be sympathized with or to be encouraged.
8. Прочтите тексты. Найдите в правой колонке значения выделенных в текстах слов. Изложите содержание текстов на русском языке своими словами. A Visit to the President In the winter of 1941, Enrico Fermi and a number of other distinguished scientists IMPORTUNED President Franklin Franklin Roosevelt for authorization to begin an all-out effort in atomic energy research. The scientists were alarmed by INCONTROVERTIBLE evidence of SURREPTITIOUS German experiments, and they asked for speedy approval. Italian-born Enrico Fermi was the ideal man to lead the atomic research. Already in 1938 he had won the Nobel Prize for work with radioactive elements and neutron bombardment. Fermi had found a HAVEN from the fascists (his wife was Jewish) and he knew that if the Germans were the first to develop an atomic bomb it would mean that Hitler could SUBJUGATE the entire world. The international race for atomic supremacy was on. 1) importune a) undeniable 2) incontrovertible б) ask urgently 3) surreptitious c) conquer 4) haven d) place of safety 5) subjugate e) stealthy, accomplish The ULTIMATE Weapon Takes Shape Enrico Fermi designed a device which could EVENTUATE in a chain reaction. It consisted of layers of graphite, alternated with chunks of uranium. The uranium EMITTED neutrons and the graphite slowed them down. Holes were left for long cadmium safety rods. By withdrawing those control rods Fermi could speed up the production of neutrons, thus increasing the number of uranium atoms which would be split (fission). When the rods were withdrawn to a critical point, then the neutrons would be produced so fast that the graphite and cadmium could not absorb them. In that manner a chain reaction would result. Slowly, Fermi's first atomic pile began to grow in a SUBTERRANEAN room at Columbia University. The big question remained - was it VIABLE? 1) ultimate a) underground 2) eventuate b) final 3) emit c) practicable, workable 4) subterranean d) to give off 5) viable e) to result finally The Squash Court Experiment As the pile grew, so did the entire project. Fermi moved his materials to an abandoned squash court under a football stadium at the University of Chicago. His pace accelerated because they were proceeding on the PREMISE that the Germans were close to atomic success. Six weeks after the pile had been started, its critical size was reached. Three brave young men JEOPARDIZED their lives by ascending the pile, ready to cover it with liquid cadmium if anything went wrong. Almost fifty scientists and several INCREDULOUS observers mounted a balcony to watch. One physicist remained on the floor; it was his job to extract the final cadmium control rod. Unbearable tension PERMEATED the atmosphere. Fermi completed his calculations, waited for a PROPITIOUS moment, and then gave the signal. 1) premise a) favorable 2) jeopardize b) endanger 3) incredulous c) to spread through 4) permeate d) skeptical 5) propitious e) grounds for a conclusion The Italian Navigator Lands The chain reaction took place precisely as Enrico Fermi had SURMISED. After twenty-eight minutes he CURTAILED the experiment, giving the signal to replace the control rod. The normally reserved scientists, unable to REPRESS their excitement, let out a tremendous cheer and gathered around Fermi to shake his hand. Although it was time to celebrate, some of the men remarked soberly that "the world would never be the same again." On December 2, 1942, the news of Fermi's achievement was relayed in a CRYPTIC telephone message: "The Italian Navigator has reached the New World." "And how did he find the natives?" "Very friendly." The Atomic Age was INCHOATE - but truly here! 1) surmise a) puzzling 2) curtail b) guess 3) repress с) to put down 4) cryptic d) to cut short 5) inchoate e) in an early stage
ВАРИАНТ 3 1. Перепишите предложения, вставив походящие по смыслу местоимения (some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one, none, something, anything, nothing). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. There is ... bread and ... forks on the table. 2. Is there ... you want there, Robin? 3. I mu3t get ... clothes, ... really nice ones. 4. Everybody liked him. ... was afraid of him.
2. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (all, every, each, everybody, everyone, everything). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. She believed that ... was watching her. 2. That's the sort of job ... boys like doing. 3. He has ... chance to win. 4. Before he left the classroom he gave ... boy a task.
3. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (other, another, each other, one another, such, same). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Would you like ... cup of tea? 2. Joan and Roy spoke to ... only about the game. 3. I never saw ... a handsome man as Jim's father.
4. Перепишите предложения, правильно выбрав одно из местоимений, данных в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. There were (much, many) big hotels that were closed but most of the shops were open. 2. I suggested that he should get (a few, a little) grapes and some bread. 3. There was (little, many) time to think. 4. He has done (a great deal of, many) research on the subject.
5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен. 1. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw the youths had stopped talking and were watching us. 2. She said she would be staying in town next day to do some shopping. 3. He told his father that now he made ten dollars a week less.
6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод сослагательного наклонения. 1. I wish I deserved your compliments. 2. He had nothing against skiing - he wished he had had the time to take it up when he was a young man. 3. Arrange the telephone calls so that every month I get a list of all the calls. 4. He insisted that I should take a holiday.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод either, either ... or, neither, neither ... nor. 1. Their room was either on the second floor facing the sea or on the third floor looking into the yard. 2. There were trees on either bank. 3. These are both very gloomy rooms. I'm afraid neither will suit me. 4. The road was neither broad nor well looked after.
8. Прочтите тексты. Найдите в правой колонке значения выделенных в текстах слов. Изложите содержание текстов на русском языке своими словами. The Library Machine Аs automation permeates many new ideas of life, its effect upon us becomes concomitantly more PROFOUND. Information processing and communications machines are finding their way into libraries. Here they ALLEVIATE the burden of storing and bringing out to the reader the accumulation of information that is becoming more PRODIGIOUS in this era of specialization and threatening to inundate our already encumbered library system. As a way to EXPEDITE the selection of pertinent information for the reader, the machine scans 5,000 words per minute. It is the CELERITY of machine reading that makes automation in the library so valuable. 1) profound a) carry out promptly 2) alleviate b) speed, rapidity 3) prodigious с) make easier, lighten 4) expedite d) deep, intense 5) celerity e) extraordinary, enormous The Language Machine Those who see the spread of automated machines as a nefarious force out to USURP the proper functions of mankind have corroboration for their belief in the language machine. The PALTRY handful of expert translators with a profound knowledge of many foreign languages leaves a wide gap in our sources of vital information. With important technological and scientific work being done abroad, it is difficult to CONDONE the situation. A machine may be set to treat a foreign language as a coded message that it can analyze and put into English. Perhaps it will not do an impeccable job, but it will permit the translation of even the most TRIVIAL foreign reports and writings. As BIZARRE as it might seem, machines are taking over as translators in ever increasing numbers. 1) usurp a) petty, worthless 2) paltry b) excuse, pardon 3) condone c) seize, annex, grab 4) trivial d) of little importance, insignificant 5) bizarre e) fantastic, odd A Predicting Machine While a machine may usurp many MENIAL tasks - typing of letters, making out paychecks - it can also work in less mundane ways. One such example was the use of a computer to predict results of a football game. All the information about the two teams: speed of the backs, weight of the linemen, past performances of the teams, even the years served by the VENERABLE coaches was fed into the machine. EXTRANEOUS material was avoided. The astute computer printed the figure "one" for each team. While this may seem AMBIGUOUS to the average person, it represented in the SUCCINCT language of the computer the actual score of one touchdown for each side: 7-7. 1) menial a) vague, undefined, not specific 2) venerable b) humble, degrading 3) extraneous c) respected, worshipped 4) ambiguous d) foreign, not belonging 5) succinct e) brief, concise A Painting Machine There is even now a computer machine that may make other art forms ARCHAIC. Using computer methods, this machine can originate paintings and photographs. A machine that can EMULATE an artist is not is FACETIOUS as it may appear. Automation is inundating, some say with deleterious effects, all areas of self-expression - from music to literature. The most RABID adherents of our technological progress look upon these events as singularly favorable. They see these as harbingers of a time when machines will do all of the labor, and man will reap the SALUBRIOUS benefits. 1) archaic a) healthful, wholesome 2) emulate b) out of date 3) facetious c) rival, strive to equal 4) rabid d) comical, humorous, witty 5) salubrious e) fanatical, furious, mad
ВАРИАНТ 4 1. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, no one, none, something, anything, nothing). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I have ... time to go to the cinema with you. 2. She looked everywhere for matches but could not find ... . 3. Do you want to eat ... ? 4. ... believed him.
2. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (all, every, each, everybody, everyone, everything). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I want ... to be happy. 2. ... the money was spent. 3. Then, to ... s surprise, she married someone quite undistinguished. 4. Frank's wasn't a bad place. The tables had yellow tops which Frank wiped after ... customer.
3. Перепишите предложения, вставив подходящие по смыслу местоимения (other, another, each other, one another, such, same). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I think the first thing to do is to have ... talk with your sister. 2. For a moment nothing more was said. And then Simon and Ralph suddenly smiled at ... . 3. He wore the ... suit that I had seen him in five years before.
4. Перепишите предложения, правильно выбрав одно из местоимений, данных в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Не had very (little, many) money, and it would be necessary for him to practice the severest economy. 2. I'm afraid I have not (much, many) news to convey but still there are (a few, a little) things I should like to add. 3. It was a hot day and there were (many, much) flies in the room. 4. (A great many, little) mistakes have been made by nearly everybody.
5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на правило согласования времен. 1. Не had told me he had been on the island for fifteen уеагs. 2. I was surprised you knew my name. 3. He decided that he would go to Berlin as soon as possible.
6. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод сослагательного наклонения. 1. I wish you could stay and then we could talk over my picture. 2. He wished now that when the director of his firm spoke to him he had answereds differently. 3. It is proposed that these measures be discussed at a conference on military detente and disarmament in Europe. 4. It's been suggested that I should join one of the public services.
7. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая вникание на перевод either, either ... or, neither, neither ... nor. 1. This hat neither fits nor becomes you. 2. She had brown shining hair which hung down on either side of her face. 3. "What are you going to have, orange juice or Coke?" "Neither. I'm not thirsty." 4. The spectators were enraptured either with the plot or with the performance.
8. Прочтите тексты. Найдите в правой колонке значения выделенных в текстах слов. Изложите содержание текстов на русской языке своими словами. You Can't Help But Watch The consumer is in a QUANDARY about making a felicitous selection among the array of products. The advertisers must influense the malleable consumer, and often they do it in the most CALLOUS ways. Television offers many tangible advantages for reaching the consumer. As a result, the consumer is inundated by commercials. The advertiser knows that a television commercial is the most EXPEDIENT way to reach large numbers of people. The cost for each commercial film is prodigious, but because the audience is so large, the cost per viewer is NEGLIGIBLE. Each commercial is prepared in the most meticulous way in order to catch the attention of even the most BLASE viewer and hold it until the message is through. 1) quandary a) indifferent, not responsive to excitement 2) callous b) hardened, unfeeling 3) expedient c) doubt, dilemma 4) negligible d) advisable, fit 5) blasé e) trifling, inconsiderable Tricks of the Trade Some television commercials, trying to break through the ENNUI built up in the viewer by the plethora of competition, employ humor. Others feature a COMELY girl as a pretext for getting the viewer to stay tuned in. At times raucous music, accompanied by some frenetic activities, is designed to preclude the viewer's loss of attention. The advertiser will employ every bit of ARTIFICE at the film maker's command to make a trenchant commercial. The DIVERSITY of appeals made to the viewer is a concomitant of the many ways people react to commercials. A great deal of time and money has gone into placing the consumer's psychological make-up under scrutiny. 1) ennui a) frantic, frenzied 2) comely b) boredom 3) frenetic c) beautiful, handsome 4) artifice d) strategy, trickery 5) diversity e) variety, change Going to the Source The wide diversity of reasons people have for buying one product rather than another are investigated by the advertising people in order to prepare efficacious commercials. They do not have the slightest QUALM about questioning the consumer about personal things in her own domicile. The consumer is requested not to EXPURGATE her answers. Generally, people are not reticent and do not BEGRUDGE giving the time and effort. The questions delve rather deeply, and what the ARTLESS responses divulge will help the advertiser decide what to put into his next commercial. After a large number of interviews, the copious results make it feasible to prognosticate how well the commercial will do. The interviewer usually offers no GRATUITY to the person who has helped, but often a sample of the product is proffered as thanks. 1) qualm a) remove objectionable parts or passages 2) expurgate b) to be resentful or reluctant 3) begrudge c) innocent, naive 4) artless d) tip 5) gratuity e) twinge of conscience It Seems to Work Despite the antipathy towards commercials expressed by the viewers, the remarkable success of television commercials in selling products makes it MANIFEST that the advertiser has gleaned what the viewer wants to see and hear from his research interview. This has helped the advertiser DELVE deeply into what motivates people when they go into the supermarket to purchase products. The advertising agency is never CAPRICIOUS and can vindicate spending large sums of money on research. Having uncovered what the public wants, the advertiser expedites putting the REQUISITE words, music, and photographs of the product on film. He will thus REPLENISH the never-ending, ubiquitous television commercial 1) manifest a) requirement 2) delve b) evident, obvious 3) capricious c) fanciful, whimsical 4) requisite d) to fill again, to restock 5) replenish e) dig, do research | |
