Вариант 1

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) Electron - electronic - electronics;

2) generate - generating - generation – generator;

3) amplify - amplifier - amplification;

4) use - used - useful - useless - user,

5) wave - waviness - waving - wavy;

6) measure - measured - measureless - measurement - measurer - measuring;

7) achieve - achievement - achievable;

8) consider - considerable - consideration - considering;

9) receive - receivable - received - receiver;

10) sense - sensed - sensibility - sensitive - sensitivity.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существи­тельные в функции определения.

Radio-frequency quantum generators clocks, scientific achievements, quantum amplifiers, space radio communications, light amplitude radio waves, highly-efficient semiconductor lasers, high-frequency radiation, theoretical calculations, superspeed computer, ruby crystal laser.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 6, 7 абзацы.

QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

1) Quantum electronics was born when a new method was proposed for gener­ating and amplifying radio waves by the use of quantum micro-systems, molecules, atoms and so on. This method has proved very fruitful and gave good results.

2) On the basis of radio-frequency quantum generators clocks have been made that measure time with an accuracy of one second per 300 years. Modern scientific achievements make possible the manufacture of clocks which measure time with an even higher accuracy, namely: one second per tens of thousands of years. Such superprecise generators can be applied for aerial and sea navigation.

3) Of no less importance are the quantum amplifiers, they considerably in­crease the sensitivity of radio receivers. Quantum amplifiers operate at temperatures close to absolute zero, and radio receivers developed on the basis of quantum ampli­fiers are tens and even hundreds of times more sensitive than conventional receivers. This considerable increase in sensitivity opens up great future for radar, radio naviga­tion, space radio communications, radio astronomy and other fields of science and technology.

4) Scientist ate successfully developing quantum generator, called lasers, for emitting light amplitude radio waves. These lasers use luminiscent crystals, the crystals of synthetic ruby, for example, luminiscent glass, a mixture of various gases, and semiconductors.

5) Perhaps the most interesting thing about semiconductor lasers is that they can transform electrical energy directly into light wave energy. They do this with an efficiency approaching one hundred percent. The development of powerful highly- efficient semiconductor lasers will considerably raise the power efficiency of a num­ber of technological processes. Calculations and experiments show that even super- hard substances such as diamonds, rubies, hard alloys and so on can be worked prof­itably by means of ruby lasers.

6) Semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the opti­cal quantum generators. The size of a ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimetres. Ruby crystals about ten centimetres long can intensify light ten times. The same re­sults can be obtained from semiconductor crystals only a few microns long.

7) Semiconductor laser is a few tenths of a millimetre long, where as the den­sity of its radiation is hundreds of thousands of times as great as that of the best ruby ins ere. Semiconductor lasers operate under pulse and permanent regimes. It is very easy to control the generator's oscillations, to modulate its radiation by simply chang­ing its feed current. The high-frequency radiation of optical generators makes it pos­sible to transmit an enormous flow of information. This is of great significance for the advancement of communication techniques. The small dimensions of the semi­conductor laser make it especially suitable for use in supers peed computers.

8) Theoretical calculations have shown that devices similar to semiconductor lasers can also transform the energy of light radio waves into electrical energy with an efficiency of close to 100 per cent. This means that electric power may be trans­mitted over considerable distances with negligible losses without the use of trans mis­sion lines. The high efficiency of semiconductor lasers opens up possibilities of de­veloping extremely economical sources of light.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 2

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1. Resist - resistance - resistant - resisting - resistive - resistivity – resistor;

2. alternate - alternately - alternating - alternation - alternative -alternatively;

3. particular - particularity - particularize - particularized - particularly;

4. concentrate - concentration - concentrator,

5. term - terms - terminus - termless;

6. circle - circled - circlet - circulation;

7. dense - densification - density - densimeter - density;

8. distribute - distributed - distribution - distributive – distributor;

9. close - closed - closely - closeness - closer- closing - closure - inclose;

10. associate - associated - association - associative - associativity.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существи­тельные в функции определения.

High-frequency current, direct current, circuit resistance, magnetic flux line, flat strip, conductor cross section, alternating-current resistance, direct-current resistance, cur­rent distribution, magnetic permeability.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 2 абзац.

RESISTANCE AT RADIO FREQUENCIES

1) In circuits carrying alternating currents, particularly high-frequency currents, the power loss is often greater than where a direct current of the same value is being carried. This is because of such factors as dielectric hysteresis, eddy currents, skin ef­fect, etc. As a result, it is customary, in dealing with alternating-current circuits, to consider that the effective or equivalent circuit resistance is that quantity which when multiplied by the square of the current equals-the power dissipated in the circuit.

2) Skin Effect. At high frequencies the current carried by a conductor is not uniformly distributed over the conductor cross section, as in the case with direct cur­rents, but rather tends to be concentrated near the surface. This action, termed skin effect, is a result of magnetic flux lines that circle part but not all of the conductor. Those parts of the cross section which are circled by the largest number of flux lines have higher inductance than other parts of the conductor, and hence a greater reac­tance. The result is a redistribution of current over the cross section in such a way as to cause those pans of the conductor having the highest reactance,    i. е., those parts nearer the center, to carry the least current. With a round wire this causes the current density to be maximum at the surface and least at the center. With a square bar the greatest concentration of current is at the comers, with the flat sides coming next and the center carrying the least current. With a flat strip the current density is greatest at the edges, considerable at the flat surfaces, and again least in the center. In every case it will be noticed that the current is so distributed as to cause those parts of the cross section that are inclosed by the greatest number of flux lines to carry the least current.

3) The redistribution of current over a conductor cross section that is associated with skin effect causes the ratio Rac/Rdc of effective alternating-current resistance to direct-current resistance to be greater than unity, because in the presence of skin ef­fect, portions of the conductor are not fully effective in carrying current. Along with this increase in resistance, there is also a decrease in the inductance of the conductor because of the feet that the redistribution of current is always of such a character as to make the flux linkages, and hence the inductance, less than with a uniform current distribution. The magnitude of these effects on inductance and a-c resistance in­creases with frequency, conductivity, magnetic permeability, and size of the conduc­tor. This is because a high frequency increases the difference in reactance resulting from the different inductance of various current paths, whereas greater conductivity makes the same difference in reactance more effective in modifying current distribu­tion, and a greater magnetic permeability increases the flux.

4. In dealing with skin-effect problems, it is often convenient to make use of the principle of similitude, which states that in the case of nonmagnetic materials, if a conductor or combination of conductors has a given ratio Rac/Rdc at a certain value of f/Rdc then, if the relative shapes are not altered, changes in the frequency, conduc­tor, resistivity, and size that do not alter f/Rdc will not alter the resistance ratio Rac/Rdc.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 3

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) Variate – variation – variance – variable – vaiability;

2) adjust – adjustable – adjustage – adjusted;

3) dissipate – dissipation – dissipative – dissipater;

4) hand – handle – handler – handling;

5) slide – slider – slideway – sliding;

6) insular – insulate – insulated – insulating – insulation – insulator;

7) operate – operated – operating – operation – operational – operative - operator;

8) coat – coated – coating;

9) add – added – addend – adder – adding;

10) rotate – rotating – rotation – rotational – rotationality.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существительные в функции определения.

Volume control, resistance element, resistance wire, ceramic metal tube, vitreous enamel, circular ceramic core, asbestos-covered metal strip, wire-wound variable resistors, composition-type volume, high resistance.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац.

VAIABLE RESISTORS USED IN COMMUNICATION WORK

1) When a resistor is to be used as a rheostat, potentiometer, or volume control, an adjustable connection to the resistance element is required. The construction depends upon the power that must be dissipated. An arrangement very widely used in laboratory work to handle powers in excess of 25 watts makes use of resistance wire wound on a ceramic metal tube provided with a sliding contact. The wire is ordinarily bare and is oxidized to provide insulation between turns. In many cases all the except that over which the slider operates is coated with vitreous enamel to provide mechanical protection and additional insulation. Another arrangement employs a rotating contact arm, with the resistance wire wound on a circular ceramic core or on an asbestos-covered metal strip.

2) Where the power to be dissipated is only a few watts, the resistance element is generally wound on a fiber strip that is bent into a circular arc and mounted so that a slider operates over an exposed edge. The wire is usually enameled, with the enamel being cleaned off where the slider touches. Wire-wound variable resistors of these types are available up to about 100,000 ohms, and are capable of dissipating up to about 10 watts, according to size, when a variable resistance of very low ohmage is requited, it is customary to use a slide wire. In its simplest form this consists of a disk that has a single resistance wire mounted on its periphery and is rotated in contact with a slider.

3) Resistors used for volume control and similar applications need dissipate only negligible power, but often must have very high resistance. They must also gen­erally be tapered, i. е., the variation with resistance with rotation must be nonlinear. Such resistots may be either of the wire-wound or composition types. The wire- wound type is suitable for total resistances up to about 50,000 ohms, and, although more expensive than the composition type, has greater durability, is able to dissipate more power, and is less likely to become noisy. Wire-wound res в tors can be tapered by varying the shape of the form upon which the wire is wound to give a turn length that varies for different parts of the resistor, by changing the winding pitch, and by using a different size of wire in different parts of the resistor.

4) Composition-type volume controls in a typical case utilize a resistance ele­ment consisting of either an absorbent paper upon which a conducting solution is painted or a bakelite form upon which the conducting compound is deposited. The desired taper is obtained by the shape of the pattern formed by the conducting paint, the number of coats of paint, and the thickness and composition of this paint. Contact with the rotating element can be made without introducing excessive wear by means ofa roller, a floating disk, or very fine sliding wires. Composition-type volume con­trols are inexpensive, provide high resistances, and make possible almost any con­ceivable taper. Their chief disadvantage is lack of durability and low dissipation.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 4 

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) Engine - engineer - engineering - enginery;

2) fundamental - fundamentally - fundamentals;

3) charge – charger - charging;

4) count - countability - countable - counter,

5) create - creation - creative - creator - recreation;

6) move - movable - movement - mover - moving - remove;

7) structure  - structural - structurally - structured - structureless - structuring;

8) restrict - restricted - restrictedly - restriction - restrictive;

9) sing - signature - signed - signify - signification;

10) suffice - sufficiency - sufficient - sufficienly;

11) heat - heater - heating.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существительные в функции определения.

Physical property, radio engineering, vacuum tubes, current flow, positive nuclear particle, hydrogen atom, temperature emission, high-velocity electrons, secondary emission, average velocity.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1,2,3 абзацы.

PHISICAL PROPERTIES OFELECRRONS AND IONS

1) For purposes of radio engineering, the most fundamental particle is the electron. The electron is the smallest particle whose mass and charge have been determined. It is the particle that constitutes most of the current flow en­countered in vacuum tubes. It is the negative planetary particle of the hydrogen atom.

2) Another fundamental particle is the proton. The proton is the positive nuclear particle of the hydrogen atom. It has the same magnitude of charge as the electron, but its charge is positive, whereas the charge of the electron is nega­tive. The mass of the proton is roughly 1,800 times that of the electron.

3) Other charged particles called ions may exist. These are usually created from a normal atom or molecule by the addition or removal of one or more electrons or protons from its structure. The mass of such ions is always much greater than that of the electron, and their charge is an integral multiple of the charge of the electron and is not restricted to the negative sign.

4) Emission. The emission of electrons from metals can occur in several ways. If a metal is heated to a sufficiently high temperature emission will occur.

This is known as primary or thermionic emission, Secondary emission is that which occurs when high-velocity electrons or ions strike a metal and knock out other electrons. Emission may also occur when light rays strike a material and give up energy that liberates electrons; this is known as photoemission. Thermionic and secondary emission are of most importance in ordinary vacuum tubes, and these types of emission will be the subject of this section.

5) Theory of Emission. In any conductor there are a large number of free electrons moving around with various velocities. As the temperature of the conductor increases the average velocity of the free electrons increases. At the surface of the conductor there exists a restraint upon the movement of the elec­trons in the form of an electrostatic gravitational force. Were it not for this all the electrons in the metal would soon escape. As it is, only those having enough energy to overcome the surface forces manage to get away. The en­ergy in electron volts that an electron must have before it can leave a metal is known as the work function of the metal. It would be expected that the emission ofelectrons would depend upon the temperature of; the metal and the work func­tion of the particular metal involved. This is found to be the case.

6) The only metal other than tungsten that has possibilities as a practical emitter is tantalum. Although tantalum cannot be made as hot as tungsten be­cause its melting temperature is 3300° K, compared with. 3655° K-for tungsten, its work function, is sufficiently lower, so that at any temperature less than 2500° K, its emission is at least 10 times that from tungsten. A disadvantage of tantalum is that it is easily contaminated by residual gases, which form oxides that greatly reduce the emission.

4) Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 5

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) Emit - emission - emissive - emissivity – emitter;

2) format - formation - formative - formatless - formatted - formatting;

3) coat - coated - coating;

4) relative - relatively - relativistic - relativity – relator;

5) combine - combined - combination - combinative - combinatorial;

6) result - resultant - resulting;

7) thick - thicken - thickening - thickness;

8) mix - mixable - mixed - mixer - mixing - mixture;

9) filar - filament - filamentaiy - filamentous;

10) gas – gasser - gassing - gassy - gasproof – gasometer - degas.

2. Переведите следующие группы слое, обращая внимание на существительные в функции определения.

Pure form, high emission, formation procedure, thoriated tungsten emitter, tungsten wire, activation procedure, combination action, metallic thorium, metallic thorium, work function.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац.

EMISSION OF THORIATED TUNGSTEN

1) There are many metals that have a higher emission than tungsten, but it is not possible to take advantage of this by using the metals in the pure form, because most of them melt at a relatively low temperature. It is, however, possible to coat tungsten with a thin layer of other metals and thus take advantage of the high melting temperature of tungsten and the high emission of the other metals. It has been discov­ered that thorium on tungsten gives the highest emission of any practical combination of this character. The layers of thorium resulting from the formation procedure are molecular in thickness.

2) Thoriated tungsten emitters are formed by using tungsten wire that has from 1 to 2 per cent of thorium oxide mixed, with it. The filament is placed in tubes in the usual way, and the tubes are degassed and baked out. It is then necessary to activate the filament to obtain the high emission. The activation procedure consists of several steps. First, the filament is heated to a high temperature such as 2800° K. This does two things: it cleans the tungsten and reduces the thorium. Such thorium as finds its way to the surface is immediately vaporized at this temperature. Second, the filament is maintained at 2100° К for a considerable time. At this temperature there is a com­bination action of diffusion of metallic thorium to the surface and an evaporation of some of this. The purpose of this step in the precedure is to accumulate as thick a layer of thorium as possible at the surface. The amount of thorium that gathers on the surface depends upon the relative rates of diffusion and evaporation. At 2100° К there is a pronounced maximum in the emission of thoriated filaments, indicating that at this temperature there exists the best combination of diffusion and evaporation possible for accumulating thorium on the surface. Third, the filament temperature is reduced to 1600° K, and some naphthalene, acetylene, or other hydrocarbon gas is admitted. This causes a layer of tungsten carbide to form on the surface of the fila­ment. Although this «carbonizing» reduces the emission somewhat, it is found that the presence of the layer reduces the subsequent evaporation of thorium, by a factor of six. Fourth, the filament temperature is set to 1800 to 2000° K. for normal opera­tion.

3) Several interesting and remarkable properties of thoriated tungsten filaments should be pointed out. The thorium will adhere to the tungsten at temperatures con­siderably higher than that at which metallic thorium will evaporate. The work func­tion of thoriated tungsten is lower than that of either tungsten or thorium alone.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.