Вариант 6

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) Tube - tubing - tubular - tubule;

2) noise - noiseless - noiseness;

3) variate - variation - variotional;

4) cause - causeless - causer - causative - causation - causal - causality;

5) energy – energizer - energized - energetic - energetics;

6) distribute - distributed - distribution - distributional - distributive - distributor,

7) depend - dependence - dependency - dependant;

8) flow - flowing - flowage - flowmeter,

9) absorb - absorbed - absorber - absorbing;

10) limit - limitary - limitation - limitative - limited - limiting - limitless.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существи­тельные в функции определения.

Vacuum tube, inherent electronic nature, random variation, multielectrode tube, noise energy, frequency spectrum, equivalent amplification, secondary emission, virtual cathode, foregoing discussion.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац.

TUBE NOISE

1) Vacuum tubes act as sources of noise because of the inherent electronic na­ture of their operation. Noise arises from the feet that the current consists of the movement of discrete particles rather than the flow of a continuous fluid, giving rise to what is known as the shot effect. If the emitting material is irregular in its nature, there may also be large low-frequency variations resulting from chunks of the emit­ting material varying in their emission, causing what is known as the flicker effect. Noise will also arise from variations in the secondary emission, from ionization within the tube, and from a random variations of the division of current between, elements in multielectrode tubes. Of all the above-mentioned effects, the largest and most important source of noise is the shot effect.

2) Shot effect is noise due to the feet that electrons are discrete particles emit­ted from the cathode in a random way, so that any current resulting from such emis­sion has a random or statistical variation that is termed «noise». The energy corre­sponding to these variations (i. е., the energy of the resulting a-c components of the current) is found to be proportional to the magnitude of the average or d-c current. The noise energy is distributed evenly over the frequency spectrum. The shot noise in a tube, as well as depending upon the magnitude of the current, also depends upon the conditions under which this current flows. The noise for a given current is maximum when the plate is absorbing all the electrons that are liberated by the cathode, i. е., when the emission is temperature limited. If the plate does not receive all the elec­trons emitted by the cathode, as happens when there is a very copious emission caus­ing the current to be limited by the space-charge repulsion between electrons, then the noise is much less because of a cushioning effect upon the variations in the rate of emission produced by the great number of electrons emitted.

3) The noise energy from a pentode will be about three to five times as great as that from a triode producing an equivalent amplification.

4) As previously indicated, there are other sources of noise in tubes, such as ionization, secondary emission, emission of positive ions, and reflection of electrons from a virtual cathode, that are not included' in the foregoing discussion. These sources produce noise that is-usually low compared to-that from the shot effect alone. In particular, noise from ionization may generally be ignored ^when the grid gas cur­rent is less than a few hundredths of a microampere.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 7

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) Classify - classified – classifier - classification;

2) amplify – amplifier - amplification;

3) describe - description - descriptive – descriptor;

4) respect - respecting - respective - respectively;

5) refer - referable - reference - referencing;

6) alternate  - alternately - alternating - alternation - alternative;

7) excite – excitement – exciter - exciting;

8) apply - applied - application;

9) distort - distorted - distortion;

10) differ - difference - different.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существи­тельные в функции определения.

Direct-current amplifier, power amplifier, entire electrical cycle, cutoff value, plate current, uniform amplification characteristic, pentode tubes, transformer-coupled am­plifier, frequency response characteristic, corresponding triode.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 3, 4 абзацы.

CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS

1) Amplifiers ate classified in a variety of ways descriptive of their character and properties. One basis is according to the frequency range covered and leads to audio-frequency, radio-frequency, and direct-current amplifiers. Amplifiers are also classified as voltage or power amplifiers, according to whether the primary purpose is to develop voltage or power, respectively, in the output.

2) Amplifiers are also often referred to as Class A, Class AB, Class B, linear, or Class С amplifiers, according to the method of adjusting the tube. A Class A am­plifier is an amplifier in which the grid-bias and alternating grid voltages are such that plate current in the tube flows at all times. Again a Class AB amplifier is an am­plifier in which the grid-bias and alternating grid voltages are such that plate current in the tube flows for appreciably more than half but less than the entire electrical cy­cle. A Class В amplifier is an amplifier in which the grid bias is approximately equal to the cutoff value so that the plate current is approximately zero when no exciting grid voltage is applied and so that plate current flows in the tube approximately one- half of each cycle when an alternating grid voltage is applied. Class В amplifiers em­ploying tuned load circuits are often referred to as linear amplifiers. A Class С ampli­fier is an amplifier in which the grid bias is appreciably greater than the cutoff value, so that the plate current in each tube is zero when no alternating grid voltage is ap­plied and so that plate current in the tube flows for appreciably less than one-half of each cycle when an alternating grid voltage is applied.

3) Uses of Transformer-Coupled Amplifiers. For any given trans former there is a particular value of plate resistance that gives the most, uniform amplification characteristic. If the plate resistance is higher, the response .fells off excessively at both high and Low frequencies, while if .the resistance b too low, the response is ex­cellent at low frequencies but peaked at high frequencies. The proper plate resistance, can be obtained by adjusting the bias of the amplifier tuber.

4) Pentode tubes can be used with transformer-coupled amplifiers provided a resistance is shunted across the primary of the transformer. By making this shunting resistance equal to the plate resistance of the triode tube with which the trans former was designed to operate, the frequency response characteristic is exactly the same as with the corresponding triode, and the amplifications in the two cases will be the same if the transconductance of the pentode is the same as that pf the triode.

5) Transformer-coupled amplifiers are sometimes operated with a resistance shunted .across the transformer secondary. This improves, the relative response at low frequencies, reduces the relative response at high frequencies, and lowers the ab­solute magnitude of the amplification. The chief use of such a resistance is to elimi­nate the high-frequency peak that results when a transformer is associated with a plate resistance that is too low.

6) Transformer coupling is more expensive, gives less gain, and has poorer fre­quency response than obtainable with resistance coupling. Its use is accordingly lim­ited to special circumstances .where resistance coupling is not entirely suitable. The most important applications of transformer coupling are in the excitation of a push- pull amplifier from a single-ended amplifier stage, and in cases .where the d-c resis­tance in the grid-circuit of the tube being excited must be low because of grid current, or because of danger of blocking.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 8

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) Frequency - frequent - frequently;

2) character - characteristics - characterization - characterized;

3) capacity - capacitor - capacitance;

4) lead - leader - leadership - leading;

5) induct - inductance - induction - inductive - inductivity;

6) facile - facilitate - fecilitation - facility;

7) resonate - resonance - resonant;

8) transmit - transmittance - transmitted - transmitter - transmitting;

9) extension - extensionat - extensive;

10) clear - clearance - clearness - clearly.

1. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существи­тельные в функции определения.

Transit time, high transconductance, resonant transmission line, transmission-line system, electrode capacity, high-frequency operation, power-dissipating ability, tank cireuils, resonant transmission line, cavity resonator.

2. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1,3 абзацы.

TRIODE OSCILLATORS FOR VERY HIGH FREQUENCIES

1) The characteristics desired in tubes to be used at ultra-high frequencies are: the smallest possible transit time of the electrons; high trans conductance in propor­tion to electrode capacities; short leads of large diameter to minimize lead inductance and power losses in the leads; electrode and lead arrangements that facilitate opera­tion with resonant trans miss ion lines, with the preferred arrangements those of which the leads and electrodes of the tube are as closely as possible extensions of the trans­mission-line system external to the tube.

2) Tubes especially designed for amplifier and oscillator operation at ultra-high frequencies are physically small, and have small clearances between electrodes. This is because it can be shown that if all the dimensions of a tube are reduced in the same proportion, the amplification fee tor, plate resistance, and trans conductance are un­changed, while the electrode capacities, and transit time effects are proportional to the linear dimension. However, these same be tors that lavor high-frequency opera­tion also limit the power-dissipating ability of the tube, so that the amount of power that can be generated with triode tubes becomes progressively less as the frequency limit is pushed to higher values. Some increase in dissipating ability is obtained by employing cooling fins attached to the plate, and in some cases also to the grid. Water cooling is also employed with larger tubes. However, these expedient at best only help a bad situation.

3) Tubes especially designed for ultra-high-frequency use ate frequently pro­vided with more than one lead from the same electrode. These leads can be connected in parallel to give lowered lead inductance and loss, or they may be used so that the return currents from different electrodes will be separated. Double-lead arrangements that pass through opposite sides of the glass envelope also enable the tube to become the center portion of a continuous half-wave transmission line.

4) Tank circuits in ultra-high-frequency oscillators are always either resonant transmission lines or cavity resonators. This is because of the high Q and high imped­ance that can be developed by such circuits, and because of their large physical di­mensions in proportion to wave length at resonance. Furthermore, by designing the tube so that the inductance and capacity of the leads and; electrode are extensions of the distributed constants of the line,, the inductance and capacity of the tube are less harmful than otherwise. This is because the same amount of total capacity and; total inductance will resonate at a higher frequency when in distributed form than when constituting a lumped circuit. Finally, if tubes are so designed that their electrodes represent extensions, of resonant-line tank circuits, it is possible to operate these resonant lines at higher order modes, such as three-quarters wave length. The first quater-wave length section may then be entirely within the tube, and yet one can con­trol the tuning by adjustments, of the length of line external to the tube.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите из текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 9

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) invent - invention - inventor,

2) connect - connected - connecting - connection - connectivity - connector,

3) induct - inductance - induction - inductive - inductivity;

4) perform - performance - performing;

5) oscillat - oscillation – oscillator - oscillatory;

6) select -selectance - selected - selection - selective - selectivity;

7) integrate - integrated - integrating - integration - integrator -'integrity;

8) achieve - achievable - achievement;

9) reduce - reduced - reducer - reducible - reducing - reduction;

10) execute - execution - executive.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существи­тельные в функции определения.

Vacuum tube, electronic circuit, proper array, basic electronic function, guidance sys­tem, molecular electronics, internal physical property, traditional concept, military application, modem electronics research.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 1, 2 абзацы.

MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS

1) Electronics began with the invention and early development of the vacuum tube. Vacuum tubes are incorporated into electronic circuits by connecting them into the proper array of other components such as resistors and inductors. Such circuits are capable of performing a variety of basic electronic functions - amplification, os­cillation, a-c to d-c conversion, frequency selection and the like. An assembly of cir­cuits forms an electronic system, for example, the electronic system of a home radio or television set, or the guidance system of a rocket. The great percentage of today's electronic systems are still put together in this traditional fashion - the assembly of individual components into circuifs (or subsystems) which perform a given function, and thence into systems that will accomplish the over-all effect desired.

2) The Goal of Molecular Electronics. Molecular electronics is a new concept of electronic systems. Basically, it seeks to integrate into a solid block of material the functions performed by electronic circuits or even whole systems. Its goal is to rear­range the internal physical properties of the solid in such a way that phenomena oc­curring within or between domains of molecules will perform a function ordinarily achieved through the use of an assembly of electronic components.

3) Molecular electronics is the most forward-looking of several modern ap­proaches to the development of small, reliable, efficient electronic systems. Almost all attempt to perform the required electronic functions in solid semiconductor-type materials. Molecular electronics, however, is unique in its goal of doing away with the traditional concept of circuit components. Should this goal be fully realized, or even partially so, it would extend the capabilities of electronic systems well beyond that which can be achieved today. In addition to lowering size and weight increasing reliability and reducing power requirements, molecular blocks could make possible the execution of tasks now too complex to be performed economically by conven­tional methods and permit the performance of electronic functions which cannot be achieved at all with lumped components.

4) Reliability of Electronic Systems. With the growth in complexity of elec­tronic systems, perhaps the most crucial problem to be faced, and one particularly critical in militaiy applications, is that of reliability.

5) The probability that any complete electronic system will function as in­tended is found by multiplying together the probabilities of the individual compo- nents and connections making up the system. Indeed, with the present state of devel­opment of reliable electronic devices, the soldered connections in a system - which outnumber the components many times over - are probably more of a collective haz­ard than are the components themselves.

6) In recent years, therefore, a great deal of attention has been given to this problem of increasing the reliability of electronic components and circuit construc­tion. However, the probability formula shows that a reduction in the number of com­ponents and connections raises the over-all probability ofsystem survival much fester than does improvement in the probabilities of the individual parts of the system. For this reason, modem electronics research has as one of its major objectives a reduction in the number of components and connections required to perform a. given function. In this respect, molecular electronics is particularly attractive. If a given function is performed within a single, solid block-of material, interconnections are eliminated completely.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66

11. Составьте резюме, используя образец на стр.65.

Вариант 10

1. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на перевод однокоренных слов и их производных.

1) diffuse – diffused – diffuser – diffusible – diffusion – diffusive – diffusivity;

2) deposit – deposition – depository;

3) control – controllability – controllable – controlled – controller – controlling;

4) compose – composite – composition – compositive;

5) metal – metallic – metalize – metallization – metalliferous;

6) conduct – conduction – conductive – conductivity – conductor – semiconductor;

7) insulate – insulated – insulating – insulation – insulator;

8) diverge – diverged – divergence – divergent;

9) determine – determined – determination – determinate – determinant;

10) limit – limitary – limitation – limitative – limited – limiter – limitless.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов, обращая внимание на существительные в функции определения.

Microwave transistor, physical area, overlay geometry, overall emitter periphery, device power-frequency capability, contact resistance, aluminium metallization material, microwave power transistor, epitaxial-layer resistivity, current-handling differentiates power transistors.

3. Прочтите и переведите текст. Письменно переведите 3,4 абзацы.

1) Most microwave transistors are silicon, planar, epitaxially diffused n-p-n structures with emitter geometrics designed to increase the ratio of active to physical and the overlay geometry. In an early interdigitated structure the emeitters and bases are built like a set of interlocking combs. The emitter and base areas are controlled by masking and diffusion. The oxide deposit, formed wit silicon heated to a high temperature, masks the transistor against either an n- or p- type impurity. This oxide is removed by the usual photoetching techniques I areas where diffusion is required in a base or emitter. With photoetching techniques, the emitter and base atrip width and separation can be controlled to one micron.

2) Overlay structure differs from interdigitated structure in three ways: pattern, composition and metallization. In a modern overlay transistor structure many small, separate emitter sites are used instead of the continuous emitter strip. This arrangement provides a substantial increase in overall emitter periphery without requiring an increase in physical area of the device, and thus raises the device power-frequency capability. As for composition, in addition to the standard base and emitter diffusions,  an extra diffused region is made in the base to serve as a conductor grid. This p+ re­gion offers three advantages: it distributes base current uniformly over ail of the separate emitter sites, it reduces distances between emitter and base, and it reduces the base resistance and the contact resistance between the aluminium metallization material. The term «overlay» is derived from the feet that the emitter metallization lies over the base instead of adjacent to it, as in the interdigitated structure. The emit- tercurrent is carried in the metai conductors that cross overthe base. The actual base and emitter areas beneath the pattern are insulated from one another by a silicon diox­ide layer.

3) The design of microwave power transistors has diverged from that of small- signal transistors. The important performance criteria in microwave power-amplifier circuits are power output, power gain, and efficiency. Transistors suitable for power amplification must deliver power efficiently with sufficient gain at the frequency range of interest.

4) The power-output capability of a transistor is determined by current- and voltage-handling capabilities of the device at the frequency range of interest. Die cur­rent-handling capability of the transistor is limited by its emitter periphery and epi- taxial-layer resistivity. The voltage-handling capability of the device is limited by the break-down voltages which are, in turn, limited by the resistivity of the epitaxial layer and by the penetration of the junction.

5) In general, all RF power transistors have operating voltage restrictions, and only current-handling differentiates power trans tstots from small-signal units. At high current level the emitter current of transistor is concentrated at the emitter-base edge; therefore, transistor current-handling can be increased by the use of emitter geome­tries which have high emitter-periphery-to-emitter-area ratios and by the use of im­proved techniques in the growth of collector substrate material. Trans «store for large- signal applications should be designed so that the peak currents do not cause base widening which would limit the current handling of the device. Basewidth widening is severe in transistors in which the collector side of the collector-base junction has a lower carrier concentration and higher resistivity than the base side of the junction. However, the need for low-resistivity material in the collector to handle high currents without base widening severely limits the break-down voltages as discussed previ­ously. As a result, the use ofa different-resistivity epitaxial layer for different opera­tion voltages is becoming common.

4. Выпишите из текста 5 слов, оформленных окончанием "S", и определи­те по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.

5. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все воз­можные грамматические формы.

6. Выпишите из текста 1 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его вцдовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Выпишите ю текста 3 предложения, содержащие неличные формы гла­гола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие). Определите их форму и функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте и напишите 5 вопросов к тенсу, ответы на которые передава­ли бы основное содержание текста.

9. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (5-7 предложений), используя следующие клишированные словосочетания:

10. Составьте жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр.66.