Каждое контрольное задание предлагается в пяти вариантах. Вы должны выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 - № 2; на 5 или 6 - № 3; на 7 или 8 - № 4; на 9 или 0 - № 5.

Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу:

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. We know the discovery of X-rays to have been quickly followed by its application to medicine.

2. Excessive production of CO₂ is likely to lead to a warming of the Earth’s climate.

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having done a number of calculations, our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

2. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 29.

3. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of "selective absorption" takes place.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the computer's electronic memory had recorded all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced.

2. If we continue to exploit the Earth in the way we have been doing, the planet will soon be destroyed.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. many times - во много раз

2. combat against - бороться против

3. Russian-made inhibitors - ингибиторы, изготовленные в России

CORROSION

1.  During a year almost 200 million tons of metal objects are considered to be destroyed by corrosion. Considering that about 600 million tons of metal a year are produced in the world, it is easy to understand the losses of objects without which our life could not be imagined.

2.  The situation is very serious, because not only metal is destroyed but also a great amount of articles, instruments, and tools whose cost exceeds many times¹ the cost of the metal used for their manufacture.

3.  Combatting against² the corrosion of metals has now become a key problem in all industrialized countries.

The scientific and technical achievements in the field of raising the corrosion resistance of construction materials are the basis of technical progress in different branches of industry, an indicator of the country's economic potential.

4.  A large amount of "anti-corrosion" work is being carried out in Russia. The results are evident: Russian-made inhibitors³, varnishes, paint covers are being well known throughout the world. Gas pipelines, metal structures, the bodies of atomic reactors and ships, etc. have been reliably protected against corrosion.

5. Russia produces special equipment and some kinds of technology designed to weaken corrosion. Anti-corrosion varnishes, paints, insulating materials and equipment are purchased abroad.

V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What materials weakening corrosion does Russia buy?

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. A number of Russian scientists believe the Tunguska explosion to have been caused by a meteorite.

2. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on a new installation.

3. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in industry and agriculture are paid special attention to.

II.  Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Investigating the factors causing losses of energy being transmitted over long distances, the scientists have discovered the means of reducing them to a minimum.

2. Light and food industries have been modernized, much being done to expand the production of consumer goods.

3. An experiment demonstrating the existence of an ultraviolet and infrared spectrum must be performed.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers the freezing point.

2. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 1000°K.

3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research laboratory.

IV.  Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Paton Institute of Electric Welding - Институт электросварки им. Патона

2. But they do - А они все-таки имеют(ся)

3. divers – ныряльщики

CREATIVE FIRE

1. All the industries today are in need of new methods of joining metals together. And not only metals with metals but also joining metals with glass, plastics and many other materials. The work done by the Paton Institute of Electric Welding¹ is considered to be the solution of these problems. For example, how to weld a 1,000 km-long pipeline? The Institute has developed a machine for welding pipelines. The welding section in each pipe exceeds 100,000 sq. mm. It would take 6-8 hours to perform this work by hand. The machine does it in two minutes.

2. The machine was tested in production conditions, the results being excellent.

3. It would seem strange to compare the steel constructions that produce oil in the Caspian Sea with a space station orbiting the Earth. What do they have in common? But they do² - it is the need for making repairs, and repairs mean cutting metal and doing welding work.

4. The rapid development of the oil and other mineral resources of the ocean made the problem of underwater welding especially up-to-date. The equipment developed by scientists is very effective. New semi-automatic machines for underwater welding increased divers’³  productivity by 25-30 times.

5. And what about welding in outer space? The scientists understood that welding had to be done in conditions of weightlessness, in nearly complete vacuum and within a broad range of temperatures - from 150°C below to 130°C above zero. The equipment, of course, must be reliable and safe. And the Institute developed such equipment.

V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What are the conditions of welding in space?

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The Sun and stars proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

3. Lasers are known to have found application in medicine.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.

3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. structure shaped like - структура, имеющая форму

2. seabed - морское дно

3. per side - по сторонам

4. to bear a resemblance to - походить (быть похожим) на

PYRAMIDS ON MARS?

1. An examination of some of the photos of Mars sent back to Earth by the space researchers Mariner-9 and Viking-1 provokes a question: was Mars once an inhabited planet? A group of Russian scientists from a number of organizations examined the photos and gave their conclusions.

2. There were discovered formations which have been interpreted as "a field of quadrangular pyramids". Mariner-9 discovered formations which are geometrically correct structures. Viking-1 photographed something resembling the ruins of Egyptian pyramids. Nine kilometers east of the "city of pyramids" the photograph shows a stone structure shaped like¹ a human head, and a strange dark circle.

3. The analyses and physical modelling of the Martian formations were performed. The Martian surface was compared with that of the Moon, and the shapes of the formations were compared with those of Egyptian and Mexican pyramids.

The small Martian "pyramids" were found to resemble the recently discovered giant pyramids, lying on the seabed² of the Bermuda Island and the pyramids, 250 m high, found in the Brazilian jungle.

4. But they are nothing in comparison to the large Martian "pyramids" measuring up to 1.5 kilometers per side³ at the base and up to one kilometer in height.

The image of the "Martian sphinx", 1.5 km long and 0.5 km wide, lies strictly along the meridian of the planet.

5. In the opinion of experts, the photographed formations are indeed pyramid-shaped, and the "oval shaped formation" bears a formal resemblance to⁴ a head. But all these strange figures are of natural origin.

V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What is the origin of the strange figures seen on the photos of Mars?

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.

2. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.

3. Nearly all refrigerators to be used at home are based upon the principle that the rapid evaporation of a liquid or the expansion of a gas produce cooling.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. A curve showing the behaviour of metal is given in Fig. 21.

2. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.

3. The computer's electronic memory recording all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations was produced.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If one looks at his own face in a mirror, the image observed is technically described as perverted.

2. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.

3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power stations.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. to play a part - играть роль

2. to their credit - на своем счету

3. means — средство

4. in the order of - порядка (т. е. около ...)

5. closest – ближайший

ELECTRONICS - SCIENCE OF THE FUTURE

1. In our country much attention is given to electronics, which is playing a major part¹ in economic development. Russian scientists and engineers have many achievements to their credit² in this field. One outstanding example is space.

2. Electronics, however, has not only helped us to reach cosmic expanses but has given us an insight into the world of the most minute organisms - viruses. For instance, a modern electronic microscope shows the processes taking place in ultra-microscopic formations of a living cell. Now it is possible to distinguish details being a millionth of a millimeter away from each other.

3. Electronics is in many ways helping us to solve the problem of the peaceful uses of atomic energy, and to study atomic nuclei and elementary particles. We know electronics to have found broad application in industry as a means³ of automation, control and inspection, and as a direct means of fulfilling such operations as melting, cutting of superhard materials, welding, etc.

4.  The electron beam acting like a micro-miniature instrument can cut, bore, mill or plane any material, including tungsten and diamond, with an accuracy to within microns. Quantum generators can focus light in extremely narrow beams, their angular width being in the order of a thousandth of a degree. These instruments are called lasers and they can be used for cutting, drilling, welding and other treatment of materials.

5. The lasers are also used in studying the properties of various substances, in radio-engineering, medicine, biology, etc. Scientists believe that such a beam of light will make it possible to establish contact with the stellar systems closest   to our planet.

V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What branches of engineering and science can lasers be used in?

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. They wanted the amplifier to be carefully examined by experts.

2. People seem to realize the potential dangers of some scientific discoveries.

3. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a substance by molecular activity.

4. Industrial robots to be built will perform certain tasks even better than a human being.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must always be careful.

2. The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called electric current.

3. The productivity of labour rising rapidly, our industry is able to produce more and more goods.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be more accurate.

3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of physics.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 к 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Crookes tube — трубка Крукса

2. X-ray film - рентгеновская пленка

3. forgery - подделка

X-RAYS

1. The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery. In 1895 a German scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube X-rays were created.

2. Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and expose an X-ray film. This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine, a use we are all familiar with.

3. Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what the rays were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.

4. As mentioned above X-rays have been in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery. Industrial radiology was discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries. Flaws and cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X-ray techniques. Famous paintings are often X-rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries.

5. Using X-rays irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well-known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc. They could obtain materials of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.

V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What properties of materials were obtained by using X-rays irradiation?