В а р и а н т № 1

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.

1. The London Stock Exchange is as highly respected financial institution as the New York Stock Exchange.

2. The more securities are bought and sold the more the trading volume is.

3. The New York Stock Exchange is the oldest and the largest one in the USA.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there is / there are.

1. There are many commercial banks that offer their customers a wide range of financial services.

2. There is a growing number of small financial companies in the USA today.

3. There is an insurance company somewhere nearby.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.

1. I shall be able to pay this amount of money tomorrow.

2. Inexperienced investors should not buy risky shares.

3. Only experts are allowed to work on the Stock Exchange.

4. Before the shares can be traded on the Stock Exchange the company has to be listed, i.e. its financial affairs have to be examined and approved by the controlling body – the Council of the Stock Exchange.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The firm has expanded its business activity through the use of credit.

2. Fifty four per cent of individual shareholders have shares in only one company, usually one of those that have been privatized.

3. The company has been using credit since the beginning of the fiscal year.

4. Our company decided to apply for a loan after it had spent most of its funds.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.

1. We had to pay for a lot of things: materials, equipment, etc.

2. He has been working as managing director for several years.

3. We have several preference shares.

4. By 1995 the trading volume of our company had greatly increased.

5. The Stock Exchange member firms have to undergo rigorous admission procedures.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.

MONETARY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

1. The problem of ‘too much’ or ‘too little’ money is as old as the world itself. A healthy economy needs money supply that promotes economic growth and high employment without inflation. Even in ancient times people wanted things, so they had to trade with each other to obtain them. Since money didn't exist in those days, people needed an instrument of exchange. Some commonplace commodities such as grains, knives, animal skins became an accepted means of payment for goods and services. For example, ten beaver skins were worth two knives, one axe and one bale of tobacco.

2. However, partners of exchange were not always able to reach an agreement and very often bargains were not made.

3. Money practically didn't exist in Colonial America. The early colonists occasionally used coins and currency of other nations, such as Spanish dollars. Barter was as usual as day and night and it seriously limited the amount of economic activity. Soon people began to realize that using such things as tobacco and animal skins as a means of exchange didn't work properly.

4. Let's move on in time and see how the monetary system developed in Colonial America. In 1776 the war started and the new government had the problem of financing the war. The Continental Congress wasn't able to finance the war and to collect taxes. The thirteen colonies reserved that right. But to get more money they had to borrow it from the French and Dutch.

5. The Continental Congress authorized the printing of paper money called ‘continentals’. The government issued an excessive amount of ‘continentals’ that caused a sharp inflation. By 1779 one ‘continental’ was worth only two cents. It was a case of ‘too much’ money. Inflation and war caused shortages and prices on almost all commodities increased greatly. It was very difficult to stop such a runaway inflation.

6. After the adoption of the Constitution in 1790 the new congress faced the problem of creating the national monetary system. It authorized the redemption of the continentals in exchange for government bonds. It also established the mint of gold and silver coins. The US bank issued paper currency backed by gold and silver. The more gold the country had the more paper money it could print because money was backed by gold. All that should have solved the money problem. At first it worked, but a few years later the market price of silver dropped because too much silver had been mined. Less valuable silver coins were increasingly used and more valuable gold was taken out of the circulation. With only silver in circulation there was ‘too little’ money and as a result of this the USA economy slowed down and unemployment increased.

7. It is certainly a great problem to find the right balance between ‘too little’ and ‘too much’ money. Maintenance of a healthy economy without causing inflation or recession is still the most difficult problem we have to solve.

VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и выпишите их:

1) запас денег; 2) способствовать экономическому развитию; 3) средство oбмена; 4) обычные товары; 5) средство платежа; 6) достичь соглашения; 7) первые колонисты; 8) валюта; 9) ограничивать объем экономической деятельности; 10) денежная система; 11) занимать деньги; 12) повышаться (о ценах); 13) изъятие из обращения; 14) монетный двор; 15) серебряные монеты; 16) рыночная цена; 17) добывать серебро; 18) изымать из обращения; 19) сохранение здоровой экономики; 20) экономический спад.

VIII. Найдите в тексте предложение, содержащее сравнительную конструкцию. Выпишите это предложение и письменно переведите его на русский язык.

IX. Найдите в тексте семь случаев употребления модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

X.  Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. Why did certain commonplace commodities become an accepted means of payment for goods and services in ancient times?

2. What problem did the new government of Colonial America face in 1776?

3. What was the first paper money in Colonial America called?

4. What caused a sharp inflation in the 1770s?

5. What did the new congress authorize and establish?

В а р и а н т № 2

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.

1. The securities of the London Stock Exchange are as liquid as those of the New York Stock Exchange.

2. The more money you have the more securities you can buy.

3. The New York Stock Exchange is the most reliable one in the USA.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there is / there are.

1. There is an insurance company and some pension funds on the list below.

2. There are no commercial banks here.

3. There are different types of shares: ordinary, preference, cumulative preference shares and others.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.

1. You should call the Board of Directors to discuss the matter in detail.

2. The company is to undergo admission procedures by the end of the month.

3. One can get cash, make payments or transfer money from one account to another at any time.

4. We had to raise capital to start our business.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The Stock Exchange computers have been programmed to detect and flag possible errors for immediate correction.

2. The client has just put a large sum of money on his current account.

3. By the end of the week the company will have got a loan from the bank to pay for the machines it is going to buy.

4. For more than fifty years our bank has been financing the firms located in the parts of the country having high levels of unemployment.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.

1. Since the time of its foundation the New York Stock Exchange has been serving the needs of international business.

2. The Government had to issue bonds to finance new projects.

3. The company has a lot of delivery orders.

4. The trading volume of our company has grown recently.

5. Our company has to raise capital to expand and develop its business activity.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.

FROM THE HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE

1. Speaking about the history of the London Stock Exchange we should mention ‘New Jonathan's Coffee House’ which can be regarded as one of the first Stock Exchanges in the world (with 550 subscribers and 100 clerks). It was founded in 1773 and remained the largest one until World War I. The Industrial Revolution caused the establishment of local share markets all over the country (more than 80 of them every year). These markets began moves towards amalgamation and in 1890 the Council of Associated Stock Exchanges was organized. By 1967 the county exchanges had grouped themselves into six regional exchanges and some years later theу formed the Stock Exchange of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with member firms all over the country.

2. The Stock Exchange is a highly organized financial market where people are allowed to bу or sell securities. To be listed on the Stock Exchange, its member firms have to undergo rigorous admission procedures. They have to meet certain requirements on the level of earnings, trading volume, financial strength, disclosure of information and investment protection. Thus, before its shares are allowed to be traded on the Stock Exchange the company has to become ‘listed’, i.e. its financial affairs should be approved by the Council of the Stock Exchange (the controlling body of the Stock Exchange).

3. For many years there was only one market – the listed market for well-established companies on the floor of the London Stock Exchange, but in 1980, a second market was created within the Stock Exchange – the Unlisted Securities Market for companies unable to meet the requirements of full listing on the Exchange. In 1987 a further development in this direction saw the estab1ishment of the third market for shares of companies which were very young and had growth prospects.

4. The London Stock Exchange is the world's largest market for trading international securities – in 1994 its turnover reached 719 billion pounds. Over 460 international companies have chosen to list in London – more than on any other exchange. For centuries London has been serving the needs of international business. Companies around the world rely on its experience – to raise money, see their securities more widely traded or simply enhance their status within financial community. For Central European business seeking to move into international area London remains the first choice.

VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и выпишите их:

1) подписчики; 2) образование рынков ценных бумаг; 3) объединение; 4) Совет объединенных фондовых бирж; 5) высокоорганизованный финансовый рынок; 6) ценные бумаги; 7) пройти строгую процедуру избрания членом биржи; 8) уровень доходов; 9) устойчивость финансового положения; 10) защита инвестиций; 11) финансовые операции; 12) хорошо зарекомендовавшие себя компании; 13) в рамках; 14) незарегистрированный рынок ценных бумаг; 15) полная регистрация на бирже; 16) перспективы роста; 17) отвечать потребностям (нуждам); 18) полагаться на опыт; 19) торговать ценными бумагами; 20) повышать статус.

VIII. Найдите в тексте предложение, содержащее прилагательное в сравнительной степени. Выпишите это предложение, подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и превосходную степень и переведите это предложение.

IX. Найдите в тексте восемь случаев употребления модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

X.  Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. What can be regarded as one of the first Stock Exchanges in the world?

2. What requirements do the Stock Exchange member firms have to meet in order to be listed on the Stock Exchange?

3. What is the controlling body of the London Stock Exchange?

4. What is the second market of the London Stock Exchange?

5. What market was formed in 1987?

В а р и а н т № 3

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.

1. The more securities are issued on the Stock Exchange the more shares and bonds can be bought and sold.

2. Any individual investor is as important as an institutional investor.

3. The liquidity of securities is one of the most essential factors on the Stock Exchange.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there is / there are.

1. There is no money left on my account.

2. There is a central bank for all states in the USA which is called the Federal Reserve Bank.

3. There are various types of securities: shares, bonds, etc.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.

1. You shouldn't buy risky shares.

2. This bank will be able to offer a great variety of new services to its customers.

3. We had to borrow a lot of money to pay for the new equipment.

4. We are to meet and discuss all the details of our financial position.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The company has been paid a large amount of money.

2. Our firm has extended its resources through the use of credits.

3. They have been discussing the prospects of financial activity of our company for a long time.

4. The bank offered a loan to one of its clients after he had signed a note promising to repay it on a certain date.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.

1. We had to create an effective system of communication for our business.

2. Our company hadn't provided any services until we introduced some structural changes.

3. In recent years the development of the small business sector has been paid much attention to.

4. I have fifty shares of that company.

5. The client has just taken a large sum of money from his account.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.

BUYNG AND SELLING SECURITIES

1. The investor who wishes to buy securities should approach the broker who will undertake the purchase for him. The Stock Exchange is a highly organized financial market. Only experts are allowed to deal on such a market, because ordinary people can mаke a bad bargain and lose their money. Only experts with experience on the financial market are able to judge what a fair price for securities is.

2. There are two classes of experts: brokers and jobbers. The broker buys and sells shares on behalf of the customer or he is allowed to deal on his own account. Brokers are paid by the client according to the fixed scale of charges, usually 1,25 per cent. Brokers are allowed to advise the clients on their investment, but they are not allowed to advertise.

3. Brokers execute their clients' orders by dealing with jobbers. The jobber is a wholesaler of shares. A broker wishing to sell shares on behalf of the client obtains them from the jobber at a fair price. The difference between the jobber's buying price and the price at which he sells securities is the jobber's return. As the market is highly competitive, it is unlikely that the jobber's return will be excessive.

4. As the Stock Exchange today has more than nine thousand different securities a jobber will not be able to work properly with all of them. A jobber or a firm of jobbers usually concentrates on two or three classes of shares because no one can be an expert in all classes of securities.

5. If the company decides to issue securities it should take the following steps:

a) the company has to obtain advice usually from a merchant bank and obtain the services of a stockbroker;

b) the Stock Exchange must examine the company's trading history, profit and loss account, management record and prospects;

c) the number and types of shares that are to be issued should be defined;

d) the company's prospectus is to be published giving details of the company and price of the shares it is offering for sale;

e) applications for shares made by the public are allocated;

f) finally, shares are traded on the Stock Exchange.

Success of the company is measured by how many of the shares have been bought and how much they have risen in price.

VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и выпишите их:

1) совершить покупку; 2) работать на рынке; 3) совершить плохую сделку; 4) терять деньги; 5) опыт работы на рынке финансов; 6) оптимальная цена на акцию; 7) от имени; 8) действовать самостоятельно; 9) шкала расценок; 10) давать рекламу; 11) оптовик; 12) прибыль (доход); 13) работать должным образом; 14) отчет о прибылях и убытках; 15) отчет о деятельности руководства; 16) перспективы; 17) проспект компании; 18) предлагать для продажи; 19) заявки на акции; 20) размещать.

VIII. Найдите в тексте предложение, содержащее наречие в сравнительной степени. Выпишите это предложение, подчеркните наречие, укажите его положительную и превосходную степень и переведите это предложение.

IX. Найдите в тексте девять случаев употребления модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

X.  Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. Who is allowed to deal on the Stock Exchange?

2. What is the broker's function on the Stock Exchange?

3. Is the broker allowed to deal on his own account on the Stock Exchange?

4. How does the jobber get his return?

5. Why does the jobber usually concentrate on two or three classes of securities?

В а р и а н т № 4

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.

1. The more highly qualified experts deal on the Stock Exchange the more smoothly it functions.

2. The brokers are as important on the Stock Exchange as the jobbers.

3. It is the best transaction I have ever made.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there is / there are.

1. There are two main classes of experts on the Stock Exchange: brokers and jobbers.

2. There is a brokerage firm somewhere here.

3. There are many various financial institutions: pension funds, insurance companies, building societies and others.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.

1. You should install modern computers in your bank.

2. The American National Bank will soon be able to offer a great variety of new and less expensive services to its clients.

3. His job responsibilities are to be clearly defined.

4. They had to pay ten thousand dollars to their shareholders as dividends.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Due to recession a lot of small companies had gone out of business by the end of 1996.

2. We have been trying to obtain credits from various banks since the beginning of the year.

3. The capital will have been raised by the next quarter.

4. The revenue of the company has doubled recently.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.

1. All company records have already been checked by the auditor.

2. Before the company shares can be bought and sold the company has to be listed on the Stock Exchange.

3. It was the most difficult problem that we had to solve.

4. I have some ordinary shares.

5. By 1987 all county exchanges of Great Britain had grouped themselves into six regional exchanges.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.

FROM BARTER TO A HIGHLY ORGANIZED MARKET

1. Since ancient times people have always needed various things: essentials like food and clothing and some non-essential commodities. Money didn't exist in those days so people had to trade with each other or barter to obtain goods they wanted.

2. The first trades were probably animal skins and grains. These exchanges were as usual as day and night and soon such commonplace commodities like grains started to assume the role of money. For instance, in early Egypt barley became an accepted means of payment for goods and services. By 700 B.C. the Egyptians had abandoned barley and adopted gold as an instrument of exchange. Being a rare and beautiful metal, gold had become the universal symbol of wealth and power.

3. A hundred years later King Croesus of ancient Lydia (now Western Turkey) gained control over Asian richest gold mines. It was Croesus who ordered the first gold coin to be minted. Bearing the image of a lion and a bull the coin became an ideal standard of exchange for trade and commerce. It was much easier to use coins in transactions than raw gold because people didn't have to weigh them to define their value.

4. By the fifteenth century trade and commerce had expanded greatly. There was a great need for a more perfect system of making payments.

5. Nowadays money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value of commodities and keeping economic balance. Almost any society has its own monetary system. This monetary system would not be able to function properly without a great number of Stock Exchanges scattered all over any developed country of the world.

6. What is the Stock Exchange? It is a highly organized financial market where various types of securities can be bought and sold. Only experts can deal on such a market. As for non-specialists they are not allowed here. Only using sophisticated electronic equipment a highly qualified expert staff is able to execute a good transaction and find the best obtainable price on securities which are bought and sold. The best obtainable price is the right or fair price which suits both buyers and sellers and permits specialists of the Stock Exchange to earn their money.

VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и выпишите их:

1) с древних времен; 2) товары первой необходимости; 3) вести натуральный обмен; 4) выполнять роль денег; 5) общепринятое средство платежа за товары и услуги; 6) инструмент (средство) обмена; 7) богатейшие золотые прииски; 8) отлить золотую монету; 9) сделка; 10) необработанное золото; 11) определить цену товара; 12) для сохранения экономического баланса; 13) денежная система; 14) фондовая биржа; 15) ценные бумаги; 16) вести дела на рынке; 17) высококвалифицированный штат экспертов; 18) совершить хорошую сделку; 19) найти оптимальную цену; 20) цена, которая устраивает как покупателей, так и продавцов.

VIII. Найдите в тексте предложение, содержащее прилагательное в превосходной степени. Выпишите это предложение, подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и сравнительную степень и переведите это предложение.

IX. Найдите в тексте семь случаев употребления модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

X.  Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. Why did people in ancient times have to barter with each other to obtain goods they wanted?

2. What was an accepted means of payment in early Egypt?

3. Who ordered to mint the first gold coin?

4. What is the Stock Exchange?

5. What do the Stock Exchange specialists consider to be the best obtainable price?

В а р и а н т № 5

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.

1. It is the best bargain I have ever made.

2. To predict the inflow of funds is as important as to predict their outflow.

3. The more transactions will be executed by the broker the more his return will be.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there is / there are.

1. There is no information on the subject in that book.

2. There are various types of securities to attract various investors.

3. There are many financial institutions that offer a wide range of services to their customers.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.

1. We had to pay a large amount of money for the new equipment.

2. Any investor can participate in the New York Stock Exchange market system at any time of the trading day.

3. We are to finance this business enterprise.

4. You should find someone to help you.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The company will have found itself with excessive funds by the end of the month.

2. Our bank has been financing this business for more than two years.

3. Ordinary shareholders receive their dividends only after the preference shareholders have been paid.

4. The number of people owning shares in companies hаd tripled by 1995.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.

1. Investors have an opportunity to promote the economic growth of their country.

2. It is expected that by the beginning of the next year the company will have received the necessary subsidy from the government.

3. They have to apply for a loan to a bank.

4. The financial activity of our firm has been rather successful in the past few years.

5. To be listed on the Stock Exchange the company had to undergo rigorous admission procedures.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.

FROM THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE

1. In the earliest days of America's independence New York was an important financial and commercial centre. Bonds issued by the new federal government to finance the debts of the Revolutionary War were sold at public auctions, along with the securities of a few local banks. Ordinary people could buy these bonds any time they wished.

2. This created a demand for a better-organized market. In 1792 a group of merchants and brokers met and agreed to give preference to each other in their dealings. They signed their written agreement which, ever since, has been known as ‘The Buttonwood agreement’.

3. The informal buying and selling of securities took place in the streets and nearby coffee houses where merchants gathered. Buying and selling securities was as usual as day and night. Commercial activity increased from year to year. By 1817 trading volume had grown greatly which encouraged brokers to create a formal organization. Such a formal organization was formed and in 1817 the New York Stock Exchange Board was established. It can be regarded as the predecessor of today's New York Stock Exchange.

4. From the beginning there were bodies governing trade. Brokers met in a call market. Twice a day, the president of the Board read the list of securities while the members shouted bids and offers from the seats (the chairs) assigned to them. That was the origin of the term ‘seat’ which, ever since, has signified a membership on the New York Stock Exchange.

5. The number and variety of securities which were bought and sold increased as the country grew. All the states had to issue bonds to finance the construction of turnpikes, canals and bridges. Banks, insurance companies and railroads had to issue shares to raise the necessary capital in order to develop and expand their business activity.

6. The number of securities bought and sold increased from 30 in 1820 to more than 300 by the end of American Civil War. Now known as the New York Stock Exchange the market-place moved into its first permanent home on Broad Street in 1865.

7. By 1870 a company wishing to be listed on the Stock Exchange was to register its shares and provide basic information about its financial position, assets and operation. All trading operations took place on the floor of the Stock Exchange.

8. Now New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest market for trading international securities. A great amount of international companies have chosen to list on the New York Stock Exchange. Since its foundation New York Stock Exchange has been serving the needs of international financial business.

VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и выпишите их:

1) на заре независимости Америки; 2) облигация; 3) финансировать погашение долгов; 4) публичные торги; 5) наряду с …; 6) ценные бумаги; 7) предоставлять друг другу преимущественное право при совершении сделок; 8) соглашение; 9) коммерческая деятельность; 10) объем продаж; 11) предшественник; 12) онкольный рынок; 13) список (перечень) ценных бумаг; 14) заявки; 15) предложение; 16) магистраль; 17) изыскивать капитал; 18) предоставлять основную информацию; 19) операционный зал фондовой биржи; 20) зарегистрироваться.

VIII. Найдите в тексте предложение, содержащее прилагательное в превосходной степени. Выпишите это предложение, подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и сравнительную степень и переведите это предложение.

IX. Найдите в тексте пять случаев употребления модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

X.  Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. Where could ordinary people buy bonds and securities?

2. What written agreement was signed by a group of merchants and brokers in 1792?

3. What is the predecessor of today's New York Stock Exchange?

4. What is the origin of the term ‘seat’ on Stock Exchange?

5. What procedures should the company undertake if it wishes to be listed on the Stock Exchange?