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ЗабАИ, английский язык (контрольная работа, 1 курс, направление Зоотехния)

03.10.2017, 20:31

1 вариант

Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог.

1. Frozen bull semen has been widely used in the cattle industry for over twenty years.

2. Animals belonging to the Bos indicus species are being used experimentally in crossbreeding.

3. There are a number of species that surely will become extinct as wild animals in a few years if they are not protected and if current trends continue.

Задание 2

Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните причастие и определите его функции.

1. Selection resulting in breed improvement is a complex process.

2. At present farmers in developed countries usually export the excess of their farm produce abroad.

3. The breeding methods applied by the scientists are of great practical value.

Задание 3

Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию.

1. They expect the new breed to be highly resistant to diseases to have weight gain or increase in milk yields or egg production.

2. To consume large quantities of food containing a high percentage of fibre and cellulose is a common thing for cows as ruminant animals.

3. Farmers follow an optimal balance of nutrients in animals’ rations to provide them with all the necessary substances.

Задание 4

Перепишите предложения, вставляя по смыслу нужный модальный глагол в правильной временной форме. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Stock … suffer from diseases due to deficiencies of certain minerals and vitamins.

2. The appearance of an animal … be of diagnostic significance, for instance, hog-cholera virus may cause retardation of growth and small size in a pig.

3. During the Ice Age in order to survive, animals … adapt to colder environmental conditions.

Задание 5

Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. В английских предложениях подчеркните инфинитивный оборот.

1. Cattle-breeding is considered to be based on scientific achievement.

2. We expect the farm to achieve great progress in deer-breeding.

3. Ensilage is recognized to be an excellent feed by most cattle-breeders.

Задание 6

Прочтите и переведите письменно текст. Напишите по-английски краткий пересказ данного текста.

SHEEP BREEDING

Various systems have been developed in sheep production. In some regions large flocks are grazed on the open range under the control of shepherds. The flocks may be moved from place to place to take advantage of cheap feeds and natural forage.

Range sheep are normally white-faced crosses carrying both long-wool and Rambouillet breeding, thus they are very hardy and thrifty. In winter period they are kept in flock, of from 1.000 to 4.000 head at lower altitudes, and are moved in bands ranging from 1.000 to 1.500 head to summer range at much higher altitude, sometimes 480 kilometers from their winter shelter.

The female bears up to three young after a gestation period of about 150 days. The breeding ewes are mated to rams and produce lambs during the late winter or early spring so that the lambs will be old enough to move to summer grazing without difficulty. The average number of lambs raised per hundred ewes is 91, though some breeds are noted for producing a high percentage of twins, and others, such as the Dorset, for both high frequency of twins and heavy milk production.

Lambs are usually delivered in the spring and are sold at ages of from three to eight month and weights of around 18 kg for Easter lambs, and 45 kg for the usual market lambs. If abundant forage is available, the lambs may be marketed directly after weaning. In case the lambs have not reached marketable condition, they may be moved to feedlots and given additional food before they are sold.

Commercial sheep farming is usually conducted on large areas of land, divided into operational units containing 1.000 or more animals per unit. Large flocks are maintained partly for wool and partly for market lambs. Sheep are sheared in the spring after the worst winter weather has passed and the average fleece weight per shearing is 3.78 kg.

Perhaps the first sheep people domesticated descended primarily from the mouflon in southwestern Asia about 11.000 years ago. At present some wild species can be found in different areas of the world such as the Dall`s sheep in Alaska, the mouflon in Mediterranean countries, the urial in Afghanistan, the argali in eastern Asia etc.

Задание 7

Напишите по-английски рассказ о себе, своей семье, о работе и о выбранной профессии (15 – 20 предложений).

2 вариант

1. The farmer has decided to raise rabbits as these animals breed very rapidly.

2. Modern breeds of livestock have been developed by selecting animals.

3. In Kenya the animals are being exploited intelligently, and are diligently protected from slaughter.

Задание 2

1. Breeding farm animals under human control, one can develop breeds that will suit different climatic conditions.

2. Nowadays scientists at international conference present the results using different computer programmes in order to support the reports with visual materials.

3. The farmers discussed preventive methods recommended by veterinarians.

Задание 3

1. To get the best rate of genetic improvement, only the very best sires will be used to breed the next generation of bulls.

2. Draft ewes and lambs are brought from the hill areas every autumn to swell the lowland flocks.

3. Students study farm animal physiology to become vets and cure farm animals.

Задание 4

1. Students … understand biochemistry much better if they have studied the main chemical and biological principles.

2. In breeding farm animals for utility, a breeder … use objective measurements of traits that are decisive for the production.

3. If the weather is windy and rainy, hill sheep and cattle will … stop grazing to look for higher grounds and a shelter.

Задание 5

1. A bee colony is estimated to contain sixty thousand bees.

2. The meat-packing plant was reported to increase the production of meat products.

3. Some foods to be fed to a cow have a low fibre content.

Задание 6

Прочтите и переведите письменно текст. Напишите по-английски краткий пересказ данного текста.

HORSE BREEDING

A horse is a hoofed, herbivorous, large land mammal know for its speed, strength and endurance. Horses are members of the Equidae family, which also includes zebras and asses (or donkeys). However, horses comprise a single species, Equus caballus, whose numerous varieties are called breeds. Similar to all members of this family, the horse is extremely well adapted to traveling long distances with great efficiency and to surviving on a diet of nutrient – poor, high – fibre grasses.

Young horses that are there years of age or less are know as foals; male foals are called colts and females fillies. A mature male horse and a female horse are called a stallion and a mare, respectively. A stallion used for breeding is known as a stud and a castrated stallion is commonly called a gelding. Formerly, stallions were employed as riding horses, while mares were kept for breeding purposes only. Geldings were used for work and as ladies^, riding horses. Recently, however, geldings generally have replaced stallions as riding horses.

Long before their domestication, horses were hunted by primitive tribes for their meat which is still consumed by people in some parts of Europe and in Iceland. When domestication of horses took place is unknown, but it certainly was long after the domestication of the dog or of cattle and probably occurred at least as early as 300 BC in the Near East.

The horse^, s influence on human history and civilization make it one of the most important domestic animals. Throughout much of human history, horses have provided humans with mobility and have served in agriculture, warfare, and sport. For many centuries the horse was widely used as a draft animal and riding on horseback was one of the chief means of transportation. It is important that there may be established unique relationships between the horse and the rider or triner when the animal is often regarded as a partner and a friend.

Today, domestic horses are found throughout the word, with a total population estimated at 60 million. Nowadays, horses are widely bred and raised for horse racing, that is , the sport of running horses at speed. Although horse racing is one of the oldest of all sports, there has been applied the same basic concept over the centuries, that is, the horse that finished first is the winner.

Задание 7

Напишите по-английски рассказ о себе, своей семье, о работе и о выбранной профессии (15 – 20 предложений).

3 вариант

1. The Red Steppe breed was crossbred in the Ukraine.

2. In southern regions farmers usually grow cotton, but in northern regions they raise cattle and hogs.

3. On a global scale, the tropical rain forest have been called the world’s most threatened ecosystem.

Задание 2

1. Most cattle sent to market are crossbred to some degree.

2. Special studbooks and herdbooks are maintained by government or private associations or breeding organizations in many countries for the purpose of recording animal pedigree.

3. The preventive methods recommended should help to control the spread of the disease.

Задание 3

1. One of the most important problems to be decided in the management of the cow herd is selection of the herd bull.

2. The cow is a ruminant animal to consume large quantities of food containing a high percentage of fibre and cellulose.

3. Scientists are interested in breeding because they want to improve some animal characteristics.

Задание 4

1. A breeder records the main characteristics of the besy sires as any record … be essential for breeding in future.

2. In order to maintain animals in healthy condition, each farmer … follow certain sanitary requirements.

3. According to the agreement with a farmer, a veterinary surgeon … examine farm animals regularly.

Задание 5

1. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in agriculture are paid special attention to.

2. The female sheep is known to be called an ewe.

3. A modern poultry farm is found to comprise several sections.

Задание 6

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

Veterinary Science is also called veterinary medicine and includes the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases of domestic animals and the management of other animals disorders. The field also deals with those diseases that are intercommunicable between animals and humans.

Persons who serve as doctors to animals have existed since early times, and veterinary practice was already established as a specialty as early as 2000 BC in Babylonia and Egypt and the ancient Greeks had “horse-doctors”. The first veterinary schools in Europe were established in the mid-18th century and since that time veterinary science has rapidly developed alongside with modern medicine.

Animal health is to ensure the efficient production of wholesome animal products. Farm animals are susceptible to various infectious diseases and may suffer from viruses and harmful bacteria, so animals should be examined by veterinary surgeons regularly in order to notice disease symptoms in time and take the necessary preventive and control measures. Such common animal diseases as mastitis, brucellosis, swine lever, erysipelas, anthrax, and leptospirosis can quickly spread and cause major losses among stock animals, so they must be controlled or prevented by veterinary surgeons.

Vaccination and immunisation, sanitary measures, and the severe segregation, or quarantine, of sick animals should be used by farmers and veterinary surgeons to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, canine distemper, and rabies. Sanitary control of animal housing and proper pasture management are to eliminate any carriers of animal infectious diseases which can be easily transmitted by water and soil.

The government officials must be informed about the outbreak of a notifiable disease in order to prevent the disease spread. If an animal has contract the infectious disease and cannot be cured, it will have to be slaughtered. Veterinary surgeons also treat parasitical infections, unsanitary conditions which may cause lower fertility in livestock, and nutritional.

Задание 7

Напишите по-английски рассказ о себе, своей семье, о работе и о выбранной профессии (15 – 20 предложений).

4 вариант

1. Sheep are being grown for mutton and wool on our farm.

2. The importance of reducing the fat content of carcasses have been recognized in Britain in pig production.

3. Seven vocal sounds have been documented from captive beavers, but most investigators recognize only 3 outside the lodge: whine, hiss, and growl.

Задание 2

1. Outbreeding includes also extreme crosses between animals belonging to different species.

2. Selection is based on the breeding value of animals and can be carried out in different ways such as mass selection, pedigree selection, family selection.

3. The amount of nutrients consumed by the cow was enough to provide a complete ration.

Задание 3

1. The best way to ensure that all foodstuffs are supplied in the animal’s diet is to feed a variety of foods and an adequate supply of water.

2. It is important to provide special care for chicken to rear them healthy.

3. Farmers provide animals with highly nutritious feeds to increase milk and meat quality.

Задание 4

1. If the unique habitat is destroyed, the species that inhabit it will gradually disappear and … become extinct.

2. Livestock leave behind manure which … increase crop yields many times.

3. A farmer … not feed any sorts of silages to horses and mules since animals are extremely susceptible to digestive troubles.

Задание 5

1. Milk of 1.8% fat has proved to be a popular product in England.

2. Dairy cattle in Nebraska are known to produce more than enough milk for the people in the state.

3. Farm-bred polar foxes appeared to have all the properties characteristic of the wild species.

Задание 6

Прочтите и переведите письменно текст. Напишите по-английски краткий пересказ данного текста.

Sheep

Sheep bred for their fine wool account for nearly half the world sheep population. They are adapted to semiarid conditions and are characterized as medium in size, with the ability to produce large amount of wool fibres 20 micrometers or less in diameter.

Most sheep of this type belong to the Merino breed, which originated in the Mediterranean area and was concentrated in Spain. In spite of all efforts of the Spanish to prohibit the export of Merino sheep, this breed was spread in many countries and now it is being raised in Australia, New Zealand, Russia, France, Germany, Argentina, and the western United States.

The breed, however, has been modifies and adapted tj the conditions of a particular country, as a result, the different subtypes usually called Merinos have appeared, for example, the Australian merino. The other major breed of fine-wool sheep is Rambouillet, which is similar to the Merino.

In the improvement of the fine-wool breeds, sheepmen are interested in developing open-faced ewes and rams that are free from skin folds or wrinkles on their bodies, as they produce longer and more uniform wool, thus they are easier to shear.

Mutton-type sheep, which consist of medium- and long-wool breeds, have been bred primarily for their meat and some of these breeds have been mentioned above. They account for about 15 per cent of the world sheep population. In the United States, long-wool breeds are used extensively as sires with fine-wool and crossbred females for the production of market lambs.

Задание 7

Напишите по-английски рассказ о себе, своей семье, о работе и о выбранной профессии (15 – 20 предложений).

5 вариант

1. Scientists all over the world are being involved in research searching the ways to improve livestock and poultry.

2. Considerable efforts have been devoted to improving the quality of meat.

3. For a number of years nature has been protected on Wrangel, and since March 1976 a state preserve has been officially established here.

Задание 2

1. The tree main breeds of swine being widely used in Britain are the Large White, the Landrace and the Welsh.

2. The focus on producing specialized and fewer breeds has resulted in less biodiversity among livestock.

3. The problem of organ transplantation investigated on animals may help to carry out the same operations on man.

Задание 3

1. In order to increase the milk yields the farmer provided cows with highly nutritious feeds.

2. To understand animal requirements in nutrients, scientists began to study the problems of animal nutrition.

3. For black bears to hibernate at normal body temperature for seven month, they must achieve independent of need for food and water.

Задание 4

1. An animal … achieve its optimal body size if its surroundings provide a constant and adequate supply of good quality fodder.

2. Farmers … use cottonseed hulls or rice hulls as sources of fibre in ruminant rations.

3. A farmer … separate a sick animal immediately from the other animals in the herd.

Задание 5

1. All domestic breeds of sheep are thought to be descendants of two kinds of wild sheep.

2. Nebraska is considered to be a leading beef-producing state and has the necessary resources for expanding its beef industry in the next decade.

3. Breeding of arctic foxes on farms is supposed to start at the beginning of the 20^th century in Scandinavia.

Задание 6

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Dairy cows

Dairy cows are to be milked twice a day, and high-yielding cows have to be milked three times a day.

Intensive farming systems based on the use of modern means of production and improved technologies, agrochemicals, and veterinary drugs, have been introduced on most large-scale commercial livestock enterprises in developed countries in order to produce large amounts of food within a limited area. However, keeping cattle on a good pasture rather that in confinement, farmers can make their milk and meat production more economical. Moreover, pasture is the natural feed for any cattle, and an abundance of good pasture provides most of the requirements of a good animal ration. Both natural and cultivated pastures are of great value as calves, cows and bulls provided with proper feeding and exercise will be healthy and vigorous. Thus, raising cattle, farmers should turn animals out on pastures as early as possible in spring. Rotational grazing system is the most advisable one when cattle are kept on a pasture divided into paddocks which are grazed in turn. Sometimes additional feeds and supplements should be fed to animals, especially when pasture grasses become scarce and indigestible in late summer or during the winter period. Growing such crops as corn and legumes, farmers may prepare enough silage and hay to supply their animals with complete rations. All cattle require salt and a palatable source of both calcium and phosphorus, such as limestone and bone meal. Clean, fresh water must be available for animals at all times.

Cattle feeding rations are greatly affected by the age and weight of animals as well as by the purpose of rising. For example, a new-born calf should be allowed to suckle the first milk known as colostrums and secreted by its dam for four to five days after calving. When a calf is weaned, it is to be fed with whole milk at the same temperature as milk obtained from the udder of the cow. The total amount of milk required by the calf depends on its birth weight and the rate varies from 1 to 1.5 gallons of milk a day. When calves are three weeks old, other feeds containing fiber should be given. Whole milk is to be given until calves reach 8 to 10 weeks of age and then it is gradually replaced by skim milk or a milk substitute and the quantity of dry feeds increases. Calves raised for veal production are usually weaned at the age of six or eight weeks. When they weigh about 200 to 300 pounds, they will be ready for selling at the market. The best quality veal is the one obtained by liberal feeding of calves with whole milk. About 10 pounds of milk is required for one pound of gain.

Задание 7

Напишите по-английски рассказ о себе, своей семье, о работе и о выбранной профессии (15 – 20 предложений).

6 вариант

1. Research on improving the genetic potential for efficient beef cattle production began in the early 1930s and has accelerated since World War 2.

2. In a good herd on a state farm, many cows will reach 1200 pounds.

3. The achievements of apiculture will be discussed at the conference next month.

Задание 2

1. Vitamins are defined as essential organic substances that play a catalytic role within the cell, usually as components of coenzymes or other groups associated with enzymes.

2. Animal feeds include any feedstuff which is grown or developed for livestock and poultry.

3. Some animal physiological processes investigated are similar to human processes.

Задание 3

1. They expect the new breed to be highly resistant to diseases to have weight gain or increase in milk yields or egg production.

2. To understand animal requirements in nutrients, scientists began to study the problems of animal nutrition.

3. To understand better mustelid coexistence, we investigate model communities containing Mustela species.

Задание 4

1. Beef cattle … utilize both low- and high-quality roughages.

2. Pavlov was known as a skilful surgeon and he … make very difficult surgical operations on animals.

3. A national breeding association … publish the official record of the pedigree of purebred horses and dogs every year.

Задание 5

1. Cattle-breeding is considered to be based on scientific achievement.

2. Nebraska is considered to be a leading beef-producing state and has the necessary resources for expanding its beef industry in the next decade.

3. The black bear to be bred in our preserve is a bulky, massive mammal approximately five feet long.

Задание 6

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The period of maturity of a dairy cow lasts from about 2.5 years onward and the gestation period in cows is about nine months. The type and amount of feeds for the culver (pregnant cow) differ from those for the cow during the dry period. For instance, during the dry period the cow requires plenty of roughages and some grain in order to be in good flesh. A week before the calving date easily digestible wheat bran is included in the ration of the claver. As to the mature dairy cow, the better the one is fed with nutritious feeds, the better is the milk quality and the longer is the lactation period. Liberal supply of water is essential to a dairy cow because from 3 to 4 gallons of water are needed for each gallon of milk produced by the cow. The amount of feed consumed by the cow per day depends on the amount of milk produced by the cow and her live weight.

Feed requirements for bulls vary with age, condition, and activity, from 2.0 to 2.4 pounds of crude protein per day. The bull is to fed enough but not too liberally, so the one is always in vigorous condition but not fat. The sire should be provided with high-quality roughages such as legumes or mixed hay, small amounts of silage, and some grain mixture. Increased rates of feeding are to be provided for the bull for a month before the breeding season begins and during it in order to keep him in good breeding condition.

Cattle for fattening are usually fed from 2.2 to 3.0 per cent of their live weight per day, depending on the amount of concentrates in the ration and the rate of live weight gain. Such cattle may gain from 2.2 to 3.0 pounds (1.0 to 1.4 kg) per day and require daily from 1.3 to 3.0 pounds (0.6 to 1.4 kg) per day and require daily from 1.3 to 3.0 pounds (0.6 to 1.4 kg) of crude protein, according to their weight and stage of fattening.

(5) Dairy cattle are susceptible to all the diseases and infections affecting beef cattle, thus, the treatment and control measures are the tame. Many diseases and pests are a constant threat to the cattle industries all over the world and may result in great losses among animals. It has been shown that on average 22 per cent of cows were removed annually from a typical dairy herd and about a third of these were lost.

The most common cattle diseases such as brucellosis, Bovine tuberculosis, and foot-and-mouth disease, have been eradicated in many countries. In the developed countries, brucellosis has been controlled through vaccination and resting. Bovine tuberculosis has been largely eliminated by using effective test and slaughter programmer. Severe measures have been introduced by most governments to control foot-and-mouth disease attacking all clover-footed animals.

However, as dairy cattle are kept much of time indoors and in groups, some diseases such as brucellosis may spread more rapidly. Moreover, brucellosis is especially dangerous for dairy cows as the disease results in undulant fever in humans through milk from infected cows. Thus, to control the disease all animals over six months of age are blood-tested regularly.

Both mastitis and milk fever are serious diseases of dairy cattle requiring special treatment. Mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, may be caused by rough handling or by infection while milk fever results from metabolic disturbances.

Antibiotics and other specific drugs are effective means used to keep cattle herds healthy.

Задание 7

Напишите по-английски рассказ о себе, своей семье, о работе и о выбранной профессии (15 – 20 предложений).

7 вариант

1. The use of crossbreeding in commercial beef herds is rapidly increasing.

2. New ways are being developed to reduce substantially the amount of insecticides applied to the environment.

3. Crossbreeding has been used to obtain improved reproduction and higher rates of calf survival.

Задание 2

1. Farm animals are supplied with feeds which have as high concentration of nutrients as possible.

2. The problem how to estimate the breeding value of animals has been researched thoroughly by scientists for different kinds of animals,

3. Many of the animals classified as either dairy or beef breed, particularly those of continental Europe, could alternatively be classified as dual-purpose breeds.

Задание 3

1. To consume large quantities of food containing a high percentage of fibre and cellulose is a common thing for cows as ruminant animals.

2. To get the best rate of genetic improvement, only the very best sires will be used to breed the next generation of bulls.

3. To understand wolf natural history, social ecology, and population regulation one must study the social history of individual packs.

Задание 4

1. Proper nutrition supplies animals with sufficient sources of energy and specific substances that animals … synthesize themselves.

2. Farmers … provide animals with proper surroundings, especially if animals are kept in confinement on large-scale commercial farms.

3. A breeder … eliminate any animal from a breeding programme if it is a carrier of a gene for a serious metabolic or morphological defect.

Задание 5

1. We expect the farm to achieve great progress in deer-breeding.

2. A bee colony is estimated to contain sixty thousand bees.

3. Pig breeders consider the Yorkshire breed to be one of the most widely-distributed pig breeds of bacon type.

Задание 6

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Animal physiology

The word “physiology” originated from the Greek language and it consists of two parts: physis which means “nature” and logos which is “word”. In general, physiology is the study of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Physiology has traditionally been divided into plant physiology, animal physiology and human physiology but the physiology principles are universal, even if a particular organism is being studied.

Animal physiology is the study of animal functions, that is the study of “how animals work”. The rapid development of animal physiology as a distinct discipline began in the 19^th century and was stimulated by the requirements of animal husbandry and veterinary science. Animal physiology is subdivided into the 4 main parts, such as general physiology, special physiology, comparative physiology and age physiology.

General physiology deals with the analysis of such universal and important processes as blood circulation, metabolism, respiration. Special physiology applies general physiological principles in order to investigate characteristics of a particular animal species. Comparative physiology concentrates on similarities and differences of physiological functions of various living organisms. The problem of how physiological functions change with animal age are of special interest to age physiology.

The main approach in animal physiology is to study the evolutionary origins of the physiological mechanisms in order to understand the significance of these mechanisms for modern-day animals. Modern physiology which is based on chemical, physical and anatomical methods investigates biological organization of the animal body at different levels, that is, cells, tissues, organs.

Задание 7

Напишите по-английски рассказ о себе, своей семье, о работе и о выбранной профессии (15 – 20 предложений).

8 вариант

1. Farmers have bred a new hardy breed of cattle.

2. A new reservation is being organized in the south-western Kopet-Dag.

3. The milk feeding is stopped when the calf is 7 to 12 weeks old.

Задание 2

1. This dairy farm is trying to maintain the milk production at the same level as one year ago.

2. Growing young animals require high-protein rations.

3. A farmer using milking machines is able to produce much cleaner milk than that using hand-milking.

Задание 3

1. Draft ewes and lambs are brought from the hill areas every autumn to swell the lowland flocks.

2. One of the most important problems to be decided in the management of the cow herd is selection of the herd bull.

3. To preserve the biological diversity of the planet is to preserve its genetic diversity.

Задание 4

1. Livestock often eat forage and other food sources that humans … eat, and convert them to types of food that humans can consume.

2. Last year farmers … control the epidemic in the region.

3. Animal breeders … use artificial insemination to propagate the genes of prize bulls.

4. A farmer … slaughter the animal if the analyses prove the infection.

Задание 5

1. The meat-packing plant was reported to increase the production of meat products.

2. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in agriculture are paid special attention to.

3. The farmer wants the veterinarian to examine his cows.

Задание 6

Прочтите и переведите письменно текст. Напишите по-английски краткий пересказ данного текста.

«Cattle» is a common term used for the domesticated herbivorous mammals that compose the genus Bos and that are raised for the meat (beef or veal), milk, hides, tallow, gelatin, or for draft purposes. According to the sex and age, animals are classified as: a bull calf, a bull, a steer, an ox, a heifer calf, a heifer, a cow. In order to ensure proper management and feeding of animals according to their age they are usually kept in age groups.

Modern cattle are divided into two species: Bos Taurus and Bos indicus. The former originated in Europe and most modern breeds of dairy and beef cattle belong to this species including Shorthorn and Jersey. Bos indicus species characterized by a hump originated in India, though now such zebu breeds are widely spread in Africa and Asia, for example Brahman.

Cattle are known as even-toed hoofed mammals with four-compartmented stomachs, a decreased number of teeth. As other animals of the Bouidae family, they have paired, hollow, unbranched horns that do not shed.

Many present-day breeds are of recent origin. From 277 cattle breeds identified in the world cattle breeders classify 33 as beef breeds, 18 as draft breeds, 51 as dairy breeds. However, dual- and triple-purpose breeds are of greater importance and they are generally divided into the following ones: 39 meat-draft, 54 meat-dairy, 21dairy-draft, and 61 meat-dairy-draft.

Herefords, Angus, beef Shorthorns, and Galloways known as the principle beef breeds are raised in different countries. Cattle breeders raising dairy cows distinguish five major breeds such as Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holsten (Friesian), and Jersey. Among dual-purpose breeds used the Milking Shorthorn and the Red Polled are bred to produce milk and meat. The distribution and importance of cattle breeds varying from country to country greatly depends on the climatic conditions and local traditions, for instance, there are four times as many beef cattle as dairy cattle in the US now.

Feeding and management of cattle greatly depend on a number of factors such as local climatic conditions, the purpose of cattle breeding, farming system used, availability and quality of permanent or temporary pastures as well as on the age and sex of animals, and some cattle breed characteristics.

Задание 7

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9 вариант

1. Sheep scrab eradicated in 1952, reappeared in 1973 and vigorous measures are being taken to eradicate it again.

2. In most countries brown bear habitats are constantly being invaded by increasing human activities.

3. Many problems of breeding, reproductive physiology, nutrition, poultry management are being studied by different research centres.

Задание 2

1. When analyzing the animals after trapping, we estimated that an adult Canadian beaver eats 350 g of aspen bark every day.

2. Growing corn, the farmer provides his animals with fodder.

3. Choosing a breed, a farmer should study which one is the most productive in environmental conditions similar to those in which his herd will be kept.

Задание 3

1. The cow is a ruminant animal to consume large quantities of food containing a high percentage of fibre and cellulose.

2. The best way to ensure that all foodstuffs are supplied in the animal’s diet is to feed a variety of foods and an adequate supply of water.

3. The problem to be solved – artificial breeding of game; the theory and methods of counting and forecasting their numbers; the role of predators in the functioning of the animal kingdom.

Задание 4

1. Last year farmers … control the epidemic in the region.

2. Veterinary surgeons … do blood tests of a sick animal in order to find out what type of parasite is presented.

3. Scientists … carry out many experiments before the animal cloning may become a routine procedure in the breeding of farm animals.

Задание 5

1. The female sheep is known to be called an ewe.

2. Milk of 1.8% fat has proved to be a popular product in England.

3. Poultry farmers expect vaccination to prevent the poultry from the bird flu.

Задание 6

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Besides, veterinary scientists investigate the chronic infectious diseases associated with high morbidity rates and various metabolic disorders. The development of vaccine to control Marek`s disease in chickens is an example of the economic effect of animal-disease research that was conducted by veterinary scientists.

A veterinary surgeon`s training must include the study of the basic preclinical disciplines of anatomy, histology, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology as well as bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and pathology. The clinical subjects of study may be divided into internal medicine, preventive medicine, surgery and clinical practice.

Internal medicine includes the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as they affect animals. Preventive medicine should consider the aspects of disease prevention and control, especially such diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans or diseases that may influence human health. Generally , several preventive techniques are available for the use in the prevention of disease in an animal population such as quarantine, immunization , environmental control, various methods of disease control and eradication , early diagnosis of a disease. It has been proved that animal diseases may be prevented to a great extent by ensuring proper hygienic and sanitary conditions on a farm ,whieh include the maintenance of safe water supplies, air sanitation , pest control, the improvement of animal housing est. Surgery includes wound treatment, fracture repair, the excision of body parts, and the use of such techniques as radiology, anesthesiology, obstetrics, treatment of lameness etc. In most veterinary schools, clinical practice enables students, especially future veterinary surgeons, to observe and assist with actual cases of disease or other conditions which require attention. In both medical and surgical treatment, the same techniques are to be used as in medical practice on humans.

In most countries of the world, professional veterinary surgeons must complete a special educational programme. According to this programme students are to study for four or six years at the university and only after such a course of study the degree of doctor of veterinary medicine is to be awarded. Moreover, in many countries veterinary surgeons must obtain a licence to start their practice from some duly constituted authority. Veterinary surgeons may specialize either in the care of small animals such as pets and work in banian hospitals, while others may treat mainly livestock. A few veterinary surgeons may be employed by zoos or circuses to examine and take care of wild animals.

Задание 7

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10 вариант

1. An epidemic of a previously unknown swine disease began in 1972, it was being combated by a stringent slaughter policy.

2. Many animals are killed and used directly by man.

3. Finnsheep had been crossed with domestic breeds to improve meat characteristic of domestic sheep.

Задание 2

1. Each ecosystem is a functioning unit consisting of living and nonliving components.

2. The bulls bred by this farmer will be used as sires.

3. To maintain a high calving percentage in the herd, a farmer should choose cows producing calves regularly and the ones whose milking qualities are good.

Задание 3

1. It is important to provide special care for chicken to rear them healthy.

2. In order to increase the milk yields the farmer provided cows with highly nutritious feeds.

3. Inbreeding appears to be common among wolves.

Задание 4

1. A breeder … use either progeny testing or performance testing in order to estimate the breeding value of young bulls or rams.

2. Even now in some poor developing countries farmers … use cattle and horses as draft animals.

3. All animals and birds which are imported from foreign countries … be under severe quarantine for some period of time to prevent the introduction of any infections.

Задание 5

1. Dairy cattle in Nebraska are known to produce more than enough milk for the people in the state.

2. All domestic breeds of sheep are thought to be descendants of two kinds of wild sheep.

3. Recent studies at the molecular level have allowed animal breeders to improve some important animal traits to a great extent.

Задание 6

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A limited ability to cope with environmental stressors (cold, disease, limited nutrition), particularly over the first 2 to 3 d of life, predisposes the piglet to relatively high rates of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Due to the serious economic impact, numerous surveys of preweaning losses have been conducted

over the last century. Although losses are still significant, the existing literature indicates a significant improvement in piglet survival over time, as determined by reports of 35% preweaning mortality in 1924 and 13 to 15% in 2000. Major sources of mortality have been categorized as overlying by the sow, insufficient energy intake, and disease. Causes of mortality may be more closely linked with one another than previously believed. Interactions exist between disease, thermoregulation, and nutrition. Piglets with disease and nutritional problems experience hypothermia and express altered behaviors that increase the likelihood of their being laid on by the sow. High probabilities of neonatal losses are associated with low birth weights, cold ambient temperatures, and scouring. An understanding of the interactions between environmental stressors and the biology of the piglet forms the basis for strategies and recommendations for improving preweaning survival.

Breeding programs to improve sow productivity invariably include number born as one of the most important traits. Both the national swine improvement program in Canada and the regional evaluation program in the province of Ontario have provided breeders with litter size genetic evaluations based on total number born for close to 10 years. The use of total number born rather than number born alive dates was a decision made at the outset of the program to use the trait with the higher heritability.

With this definition of litter size, in addition to improvements in the total number of piglets born, breeders in Canada were also noticing that as the number of piglets born increased, the frequency of stillbirths and early neo-natal mortality also seemed to be increasing. Lecour (2000) reported a similar problem in French pigs. Johnson et al. (1999) found that the number of stillborn pigs increased with litter size after selection on ovulation rate and 50-day embryonic survival.

Other studies have looked at the relationship between survival to weaning and piglet birth weights (Wise et al., 1997; Leenhouwers et al., 2001, 2000; Knol et al., 2001) and universally report higher piglet survival rates to weaning with higher birth weights. However, pig breeders in Ontario typically do not collect individual piglet birth weights. Our study was initiated with the objective of determining if there is a detectable genetic relationship between number born and neo-natal piglet survival defined as stillbirths and survival in the first 24 hours after farrowing in Ontario breeders’ herds.

Задание 7

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