ВАРИАНТ 1

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The sugars can be reconverted to three carbon compounds by the action of plant enzymes, and then by removing water molecules, fats are built up.

2. The root hairs penetrate the soil contacting water and minerals absorbed on the surface of soil particles.

3. Through the activity of the green plant this light energy is held in chemical form supplying the needs of both plant and animal.

4. Vegetative propagation is of no use to the plant breeder who is looking for new varieties.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. In the morning Mr. Dulton was nowhere to be seen.

2. He seemed to be reading my mind.

3. You have your own life to consider.

4. The agent must have misunderstood the chief.

5. But what kind of rules might be required?

6. They seem to have been fighting all their lives.

7. The manuscript appears to have been written in Greek.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Organic Farming

Organic farming is well defined in international standards such as the Codex Alimentarius, the European and American regulations and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, (IFOAM). The FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission defines organic agriculture as: A holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs. This is accomplished by using agronomic, biological and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any specific function within the system.

Organic farming refers to the type of farming that is done without the use synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, fungicides and insecticides or genetically modified seeds. The organic farmers use a range of techniques that help sustain ecosystems and reduce pollution, while improving both the production and quality of nutrition, linked to improved social and economic viability. In the case of plant production it involves the use of crop rotation, natural composting, approved environmentally friendly pest control and homeopathic remedies to produce food that is free of all artificial additives. Most critically, Organic food product ion is based on genuinely sustainable systems.

Central to the organic production system is the biological management of the fertility of the soil. Soil is managed in such a way as to optimize and improve soil health through the management of the inorganic and organic soil components to enhance biological processes that consequently improve plant health and enable the return of organic material back into the soil. Crop combinations, ecological companionships and rotations are also managed in such a way as to improve plants’ competitive ability and create a favourable environment for the presence of natural predators of crop pests. In livestock, animals are selected, bred and managed to enhance natural resistance to pests and diseases though good nutrition and management practices such as interrupting host/ pathogen relationships. These practices ultimately eliminate the use of external inputs to manage disease and infertility.

Organic production aims at a sustainable production system based on natural processes. Key characteristics are that organic agriculture:

• relies primarily on local, renewable resources;

• maximizes food security at the micro and macro levels;

• maximizes the labour opportunities for workers, while ensuring their protection and well-being;

• makes efficient use of renewable and other sustainable energy and the production potential of integrated biological systems;

• builds and maintains the fertility of the soil;

• enhances and preserves the health of the surrounding environment and the agro-diversity of a specific region;

• maximizes recirculation of plant nutrients and organic matter;

• does not use organisms or substances foreign to nature (e.g. GMOs, chemical fertilizers or systemic pesticides);

• maintains diversity in the production system as well as the agricultural landscape;

• gives farm animals life conditions that correspond to their ecological role and allow them to behave in a natural way.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о земледелии и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 2

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Planting of soil binding grasses along contours can be tried in steep slopes.

2. Carbohydrates are used in respiration of both plants and animals to supply energy for cell working.

3. Past agricultural research has created higher yielding crops, crops with better resistance to pests and plant pathogens, and more effective fertilizers and pesticides.

4. Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata and these only open in daylight.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию.  Переведите на русский язык.

1. This is a date still to be agreed.

2. Brian can still be watching the western.

3. They believed the soldier to have taken unofficial leave.

4. Don’t you understand that all the personal sentiments ought to have been put aside?

5. At times, lightning decisions had to be made.

6. It was vital for her presence to be felt in New York from time to time.

7. Miss Honey removed her spectacles and began to polish the lenses with a piece of tissue.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

According to IFOAM, the principles of organic agriculture are based on four fundamental principles:

Principle of health

• Organic agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of the soil, plants, animals, humans and the planet as one and indivisible. The health of individuals and communities cannot be separated from the environment.

• The role of organic agriculture is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms. Organic agriculture aims to produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to preventive health care and well-being. It should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health effects.

Principle of ecology

• Organic agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. It is rooted within living ecological systems and production is to be based on ecological processes and recycling.

• Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit in with the cycles and ecological balances in nature and organic management must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve resources.

• Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common environment, including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water.

Principle of fairness

• Organic agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.

• Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings.

• This principle emphasizes that organic agriculture should involve human relationships that ensure fairness at all levels and to all parties, should provide everyone involved with a good-quality life, contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of poverty. Animals should be provided with the conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology, natural behaviour and well-being.

• Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs.

Principle of care

• Organic agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.

• Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems and agriculture, care must be taken.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о растениях и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 3

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Transpiration exerts a negative pressure on the water in the xylem, drawing it up the stem to the leaf.

2. For example, a hybrid grain called triticale was produced by crossbreeding rye and wheat.

3. Farms may produce a variety of vegetables for sale through on-farm stalls, local farmer's markets, u-pick operations.

4. Oats are sown in the spring, as soon as the soil can be worked.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию.  Переведите на русский язык.

1. I told my parents they ought to take some vitamins.

2. Her heart began to pound in a most unreasonable and unfamiliar way.

3. Television started to resemble radio. One station provides news; another soft rock; a third is all sports.

4. She could no longer bear to keep the secret of her past from him.

5. Catherine took out various items from the refrigerator, and started to make a selection of small tea sandwiches.

6. The boy broke off, unable to voice his fears about his parents.

7. She needed to find him, immediately.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Agronomy

Agronomy is a science and a practice that looks at agriculture from an integrated, holistic perspective. In agronomy, it’s important to understand the properties of the soil and how the soil interacts with the growing crop; what nutrients (fertilizers) the crop needs and when and how to apply these nutrients; the ways that crops grow and develop; how climate and other environmental factors affect the crop at all stages; and how best to control weeds, insects, fungi, and other crop pests. If that weren't enough, another huge consideration in agronomy is how to grow crops effectively and profitably while conserving natural resources and protecting the environment.

In short, growing crops requires collaborations among many, many fields, including the traditional soil, plant, and weed sciences, as well as related disciplines such as ecology, entomology, climatology, and economics. The best crop production methods are always grounded in scientific research. As a result, they are by nature continually evolving and improving.

Organic agriculture

• Organic agriculture is a climate smart agriculture that seeks to increase productivity in an environmentally and socially sustainable way, strengthen farmers’ resilience to climate change, and reduce agriculture’s contribution to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing carbon storage on farmland.

• Organic agriculture not only enables ecosystems to better adjust to the effects of climate change but also offers a major potential to reduce the emissions of agricultural GHGs.

• Organic matter content is usually higher in organically-managed soils, indicating higher fertility and stability of organic soils as well as moisture retention capacity, which reduce the risk of erosion and desertification.

• Organically-farmed soils have significantly higher biological activity and higher total mass of microorganisms, making for more rapid nutrient recycling and improved soil structure.

• Organic agriculture poses no risk of ground and surface water pollution through synthetic pesticides.

• Nitrate leaching rates per hectare are significantly lower in organic agriculture compared to other production systems.

• Organic agriculture enables ecosystems to better adjust to the effects of climate change and has a major potential for reducing agricultural GHG emissions.

• Organic agricultural strategies, by recycling organic matter and tightening internal nutrient cycles, contribute to carbon sequestration.

• Organic agriculture performs better than other production systems on a per hectare scale, both with respect to direct energy consumption (fuel and oil) and indirect consumption (synthetic fertilizers and pesticides).

• Efficiency of energy use on organic farms is high.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о зерновых и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 4

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Excessive sowing rates will lead to problems with lodging and may reduce yields.

2. Transplanting is best carried out in moist humid weather since the plant loses its root hairs when it is lifted from the soil.

3. Only plants containing the green pigment chlorophyll can photosynthesis.

4. Carbohydrate is also used with nitrogen to form protein for  body and plant cell building.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. As time passed she began to function like her old self.

2. Paula started to extend her family business.

3. To read books means to enlarge one’s horizons.

4. He read a lot to broaden his mind.

5. To part from friends is to die a little.

6. To win friends and influence people, one must employ guile and fraud, some politicians believe.

7. A friend is someone special to laugh with, to reminisce with, to dream with, to shape with, to bitch with.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Agriculture and climate

Anatomically modern humans have existed for at least 100,000 years, and judging from artwork, funeral practices, and tool design, cognitively modern humans have existed for at least 50,000 years. Yet until about 13,000 years ago, all humans obtained their food by hunting animals or gathering wild plants. The shift to domesticated plants and animals began roughly at this time in southwest Asia. Independent points of origin also included north China, south China, sub-Saharan Africa, Mexico, the Andes, and the eastern U.S., with later diffusion to most parts of the globe. The transition to agriculture was arguably the most consequential case of rational economic choice in human history, since it was a necessary condition for the existence of cities, states, and writing, and with rare exceptions also for specialized crafts, hierarchy, inequality, and organized warfare.

How can one explain the long lag between the evolution of modern humans and the shift to agriculture? Why did farming emerge when and where it did? Many answers have been advanced by archaeologists, anthropologists, and demographers, among others, with economists being relative latecomers to the debate.

Our ultimate exogenous variable is climate. Global temperatures rose considerably at the end of the last Ice Age about 21,000 years before present (BP; the present is defined to be 1950). Warmer conditions led to abundant wild resources, substantial population growth, and a sedentary lifestyle in southwestern Asia. This idyllic period was interrupted by an episode of climate reversal (known as the Younger Dryas) during which cooler, drier conditions prevailed. Many previously attractive hunting and gathering sites became less desirable and the population took refuge in a few areas where environmental conditions remained relatively hospitable. Forcing a large regional population through a small geographic bottleneck led to a spike in labor supply at the best sites. Under reasonable technological assumptions there is a population threshold beyond which some labor is optimally allocated to agriculture. The climate reversal in southwest Asia propelled local densities beyond this threshold in a small number of favored locations.

If the climate deterioration had been permanent and technology had been constant, falling living standards would have lowered region-wide population, reducing pressure on the best sites. Eventually local densities would have dropped below the minimum needed for agriculture, and farming would have been a temporary expedient on the way back to a foraging lifestyle.

However, two factors intervened. Once agriculture began, productivity grew rapidly through (possibly unintentional) artificial selection on genetic characteristics of plants and through the domestication of animals that were complementary to farming in various ways. Second, the climate reversal turned out to be temporary. After the climate recovered, the new package of domesticated plants and animals spread, population growth resumed, and settled agriculture became the norm.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о болезнях растений и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 5

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Winter oats may be grown as an off-season groundcover and plowed under in the spring as a green fertilizer.

2. Farms may grow large quantities of a few vegetables and sell them in bulk to major markets or middlemen, which requires large growing operations.

3. In very dry weather the humidity of the air is low, wilting occurs, i.e. the plant droops.

4. Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing environmental impact of agriculture, and creating energy from plants.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. He had no idea whom he was to meet.

2. What he really wanted was to be alone, entirely alone.

3. She could not afford to panic, not under any circumstances.

4. She didn’t love Willy enough to marry him.

5. Gradually, she came to understand how wrong she had been.

6. To begin my story, I must go back in time, to 1990.

7. He was far too bright a boy to be deceived. He would probe and probe.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Urban Agriculture

This is a group of dedicated organizations, projects, and individuals involved with urban agriculture in North America, UA “is the growing, processing, and distributing of food and other products through intensive plant cultivation and animal husbandry in and around cities.” In case you thought that this was just a sideshow to “real” farming, the 2007 U.S. Census of Agriculture and National Resource Inventory, a survey of the nation’s nonfederal lands conducted by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service in cooperation with Iowa State University, indicates that 91% of fruit, nuts, and berries, and 78% of fruit and melons are grown “on the urban fringe,” that is, around cities. 

Typically, urban agriculture includes backyard, indoor (e.g., hydroponics), and roof gardens (apartment dwellers with balconies are referred to as vertical gardeners). If you are lucky enough to have a backyard, you can have a garden and grow fresh produce and share it with your neighbors and friends.

Should you choose not to use that plot of land, you could enter the new “sharing economy” by allowing others to farm the space.

For years, community gardens have been used as an antidote to blight in poor neighborhoods, pulling the community together in a social endeavor that brings fresh produce to an area often without access to reasonably priced goods. The benefits that 4-H clubs extolled in rural areas are transferred to youth groups to educate and develop leaders.

The warm-season cereals are grown in tropical lowlands year-round and in temperate climates during the frost-free season. Rice is commonly grown in flooded fields, though some strains are grown on dry land. Other warm climate cereals, such as sorghum, are adapted to arid conditions.

Cool-season cereals are well-adapted to temperate climates. Most varieties of a particular species are either winter or spring types. Winter varieties are sown in the autumn, germinate and grow vegetatively, then become dormant during winter. They resume growing in the springtime and mature in late spring or early summer. This cultivation system makes optimal use of water and frees the land for another crop early in the growing season.

Winter varieties do not flower until springtime because they require vernalization: exposure to low temperature for a genetically determined length of time. Where winters are too warm for vernalization or exceed the hardiness of the crop (which varies by species and variety), farmers grow spring varieties. Spring cereals are planted in early springtime and mature later that same summer, without vernalization. Spring cereals typically require more irrigation and yield less than winter cereals.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о сорняках  и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 6

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The green leaves of a plant are cleared of their photosynthesis products during the night.

2. Plant breeding has increased crop yields and has improved the nutritional value of numerous crops, including corn, soybeans, and wheat.

3. Industrial crops are those that provide raw materials for further processing.

4. The labor resources are the man and woman, including the farmers themselves engaged in agriculture.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. To tell the truth, a cigar gives me a chance to relax and to meditate.

2. Maxim flew to New York only to discover that his daughter was on the Coast.

3. She began to realize that her husband was a difficult man, not easy to know, or live with, and secretive.

4. In Greece people often shake their heads from side to side to say “Yes”. With us it means “No”.

5. They need nobody to protect them.

6. To recover completely, he must begin to work, but it mustn’t be hard work.

7. It makes everybody so happy to see you again!

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Agriculture

Agriculture (also called farming or husbandry) is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.

The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture).

Managing through uncertainty & challenging weather is a common element of farming life and producers have developed many ways of adapting. However, the scope and scale of climate change is anticipated to exceed anything previously experienced. Patterns of “normal” weather will shift and the frequency of unpredictable and extreme weather events will increase. This will test the capacity of individual agricultural producers to respond through current approaches, practices and technologies.

This project was initiated, in part, to provide a baseline assessment of potential impacts of climate change for BC agriculture. Although agriculture-focused research has been conducted for the Okanagan, information on the implications of climate change for agriculture in BC as a whole, and for most regions and commodities, is very limited.

For most BC residents, the issues facing agricultural producers are not common knowledge, in part because of the rapid and massive shift of population away from rural communities and farming life. Contemporary production systems enable individual farms and farmers to produce much greater quantities of food and consequently the economics of production have shifted. Throughout North America, average farm sizes have increased and the number of farmers has decreased.

However, the BC industry is unusual in many respects and is embedded within a unique context. BC has an unusually limited agricultural land base, an uncommon level of diversity within the sector (with respect to geography and products) and a high proportion of relatively small family farms. These factors influence agriculture’s current role in BC communities, economy and society as a whole. They have also strongly influenced the current state of the industry.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о вредителях растений и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 7

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Planting of soil binding grasses along contours can be tried in steep slopes.

2. Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, feed, fiber, and reclamation.

3. They are developing  this crop for commercial purposes.

4. A wide range of biological materials labeled at specific sites is available, including amino acids, amines, organic acids, fatty acids, sugars, and proteins.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. It takes a long time to become a personality.

2. It gives me great comfort to think of you.

3. To make the world better has always been his aim.

4. To lie or not to lie — that’s the dilemma.

5. It’s unusual to see you at home in the middle of the day.

6. To go out alone in the middle of the night is risky.

7. It is awful to be so stubborn.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Agricultural land base, soils & climate

Less than 5% of the province’s land base is considered to be arable, although it is estimated that up to 15% has some agricultural potential. The total land in crops in 2006 was just over 585,000 hectares. Overall, BC farm holdings take up approximately 2.8 million hectares with 1.6 million hectares owned by producers, 300,000 hectares leased from other land holders and another 900,000 hectares leased from government. The leased Crown Land is primarily used as range by the province’s cattle ranchers. This represents a substantial land-based asset available to the sector.

Reflecting its diverse geology, climate and topography, BC has a broad range of soil types. Through the British Columbia Land Inventory, arable soils have been mapped and classified according to their potential and limitations for agriculture (utilizing a rating system of Class 1 to 7).

Approximately 1% of BC’s land base is classified as prime farmland (within classes 1–3). As a point of comparison, Alberta’s prime agricultural land is 17% of its land base. With some exceptions, much of the best farm land exists within close proximity to urban settings. This has placed considerable pressure on the province’s agricultural land base and led to the creation of the Agricultural Land Reserve and Agricultural Land Commission in the 1970s. The pressure on agricultural land has also resulted in high agricultural land values (and prices). The average value of BCs farmland varies but is more than twice the Canadian average and considerably higher for farms close to urban areas.

The climate in BC’s farming communities varies considerably by geography. This is influenced by latitude, the mountainous terrain and proximity to the Pacific Ocean. The diverse topography means that precipitation varies widely, as do average temperatures, often within very small areas. Nonetheless, a few generalizations can be made about the climate within the agricultural regions incorporated into this study.

The Fraser Valley and Metro Vancouver have relatively mild temperatures and abundant rainfall, as well as long frost free periods. While annual precipitation in this area is substantial, the majority of rainfall tends to be concentrated in the period between October and March. Delta has less precipitation on average than communities further east in the Fraser Valley.

Climate conditions vary across Vancouver Island but are generally mild due to maritime influences. A relatively long season of production is possible for central and south eastern Vancouver Island because of the number of frost free days. Precipitation varies within the growing regions but for much of the Island’s productive area, a high proportion of the precipitation falls between October and March, with a relatively dry growing season.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о функциях агронома и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 8

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Transplanting is best carried out in moist humid weather since the plant loses its root hairs when it is lifted from the soil.

2. Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata and these only open in daylight

3. This will lead to greater field losses as the grain falls from the heads and to harvesting losses as the grain is threshed out by the reel.

4. Planting in long rows allows machinery to cultivate the fields, increasing efficiency and output.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. It’s unwise to refuse.

2. To agree to this offer is to lose self-respect.

3. Gold and love affairs are hard to hide.

4. A witty limerick is very difficult to write.

5. That sort of thing is easy to do.

6. My friends are very interesting to talk to.

7. This musical instrument is easy to learn.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Characteristics of BC agriculture

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. In the 21st century, plants have been used to grow biofuels, biopharmaceuticals, bioplastics, and pharmaceuticals. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins. Biofuels include methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel. Cut flowers, nursery plants, tropical fish and birds for the pet trade are some of the ornamental products. Regarding food production, the World Bank targets agricultural food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that is fostering an important and growing debate.

It is estimated that BC agriculture produces about 200 different commodities and there are approximately 19,800 farms in the province.30 Although the province’s agricultural products are diverse and every region includes a range of farm types, certain production systems tend to be concentrated (in part due to the natural attributes and historical growing conditions) within specific regions. Proximity to markets has also created competitive advantage for some regions.

The vast majority of the BC’s grains, oilseeds and forge seeds are produced in the Peace Region. Some grain is also produced in the south east corner of the Kootenays.31 Most of the province’s cattle ranches are located in the southern and central interior, the Peace Region and the Kootenays.32 The Okanagan producers are growing most of BC’s tree fruits and grapes.

The Fraser Valley, Metro Vancouver, and southern Vancouver Island are home to a range of farm types including berry and vegetable operations and various kinds of livestock operations. Almost 70% of the dairy industry is located in the Fraser Valley. Dairy is also an important economic contributor on southeastern Vancouver Island and in the North Okanagan-Shuswap area. The greenhouse industry is predominantly located in the Lower Mainland, as are nursery and mushroom operations. Poultry production is concentrated in Fraser Valley (80%) and about 10% of the industry is located on Vancouver Island.

The number of farms producing organically has been on the rise in BC over the past decade. Between the 2001 and 2006, the number of certified organic operations jumped from 319 to 452. The majority of these farms were producing fruits, field vegetables and greenhouse products. Another 73 farms were in transition (to certification) in 2006 and more than 2,700 operations reported organic production without certification.

It is difficult to tell a single story about characteristics and trends in BC’s agricultural production because of the dynamic nature of the industry. Statistics for the number of farms or land in production don’t reveal the significant changes happening across commodities and within certain regions. Substantial changes have also occurred in livestock and grain and oilseed production. These shifts away from, or toward, certain commodities are generally driven by profitability (or lack thereof).

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о проблемах сельского хозяйства и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 9

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Due to the continued growth of the global population—and the consequent expanding need for study of food crops and agriculture in general—the outlook for agronomy and agronomists is excellent.

2. Plant breeding has increased crop yields and has improved the nutritional value of numerous crops, including corn, soybeans, and wheat.

3. Farms may grow large quantities of a few vegetables and sell them in bulk to major markets or middlemen, which requires large growing operations;

4. Excessive sowing rates will lead to problems with lodging and may reduce yields.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. My main chore in the house is to vacuum and dust the rooms.

2. The only sensible thing to do when you are attacked is, as Napoleon once said, to counter-attack.

3. Some girls are catty and difficult to live with.

4. Bad habits are easy to acquire and hard to break.

5. This is something that is hard to describe.

6. She was not going to be easy to deal with.

7. Office affairs are easy to begin and difficult to finish.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

Agriculture

Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Central to human society, agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite.

Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties and techniques, including ways to expand the lands suitable for plant raising, by digging water-channels and other forms of irrigation. Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on rangeland remain at the foundation of agriculture. In the past century there has been increasing concern to identify and quantify various forms of agriculture. In the developed world the range usually extends between sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture) and intensive farming (e.g. industrial agriculture).

Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, and at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production

Farms & farm operators

Although they range considerably in size, the majority of BC’s farms are family businesses (68%) or informal partnerships (27%). Due to the relatively limited agricultural land base, the types of agricultural production and high land values, BC has always had a high proportion of small farms. In 2006, almost 65% of BC’s farms were less than 70 acres (27% were less than 10 acres). In recent years there has been an increase in the smallest farms, as well as the largest, with the number of mid-sized farms in decline.

The overall demographic trends for Canadian farm operators show an aging population without sufficient new entrants into the industry to replace them. BC’s trends are the most pronounced in the country with 45% (13,540) of farm operators 55 or over and only 6% (1,770) under 35. These demographic shifts reveal the challenges with farm succession in the province, as well as costs associated with entering the industry in BC.

Farm revenues

The primary agriculture and food processing sectors in British Columbia generated $9.6 billion in 2010 with farm cash receipts for primary agriculture estimated at $2.4 billion. The overall proportion of primary agriculture’s contribution to the provincial GDP has been declining over the past decade from 0.83% in 2001 to 0.59% of the provincial GDP in 2010. In recent years, net farm income in BC has consistently been negative, in part due to costs of production outstripping farm revenues.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о культурных травах и выучите его.

ВАРИАНТ 10

Задание 1

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните слова с окончанием -ing, установите какой частью речи они являются, определите их функцию.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Biotechnology is often a lab activity requiring field testing of the new crop varieties that are developed.

2. This is caused by the rate of transpiration exceeding the rate of water absorption by the root.

3. The development of ripening technologies and refrigeration has reduced the problems with getting produce to market in good condition.

4. Late 19th and early 20th century harvesting was performed using a binder.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, определите его функцию. Переведите на русский язык.

1. The toilets were few and hard to find.

2. A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself.

3. He is rather unbearable at times; he wants to have everything his own way.

4. She used to enjoy the village life.

5. My parents have taught me to see the best in people.

6. She pretended not to care for that man.

7. They plan to marry next week.

Задание 3

Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it?

2. What can’t students afford to do?

3. If someone works hard, why do they do it?

4. What do students aim to do?

5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do?

6. What are troublemakers apt to do?

7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do?

8. What do absent-minded people tend to do?

9. What do you know about soil?

10. What do stubborn people refuse to do?

11. What are generous people willing to do?

12. When a man proposes, what does a woman agree to do?

13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do?

14. When people get married, what do they promise to do?

15. What are you planning to do in future?

Задание 4

Переведите письменно текст. Будьте готовы найти в тексте предложения с инфинитивом.

The Origins of Agriculture

Recent archaeological finds place the beginning of agriculture before 7000 B.C. and animal domestication (mostly dogs used as hunting aids) thousands of years before that. There is some evidence that the people of Shanidar, in Kurdistan, were domesticating sheep and planting wheat as long ago as 9800 B.C.

Intensive food gathering, in which the local inhabitants of a region set up permanent residences and made extensive use of already present plants, seems to have started in the Near East around 9000 - 7000 B.C.

Barring the use of time machines, there is no way to know for sure how planting really got started. But archaeologists have lots of theories. One theory suggests that some seeds were spilled in a memorable manner during a migration. When the tribe next passed the same place, they might have correlated the spill of seeds with the sudden abundance of the plant. They could then have realized that they could store seeds and plant them, and be assured of having a food supply. later they began selecting and planting the seeds from plants with the highest yield. In this way, plants were domesticated, changed and controlled to benefit man rather than just exist in the wild.

At about the same time as the agricultural advances described above, people started to domesticate the wild ox and gather sheep into herds. Remains of a hunting dog, dated back to 8500 B.C., have been found in North America.

During the Middle Ages, farmers in North Africa, the Near East, and Europe began making use of agricultural technologies including irrigation systems based on hydraulic and hydrostatic principles, machines such as norias, water-raising machines, dams, and reservoirs. This combined with the invention of a three-field system of crop rotation and the moldboard plow greatly improved agricultural efficiency.

After 1492, a global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred. Key crops involved in this exchange included the tomato, maize, potato, manioc, cocoa bean and tobacco going from the New World to the Old, and several varieties of wheat, spices, coffee, and sugar cane going from the Old World to the New. The most important animal exportation from the Old World to the New were those of the horse and dog (dogs were already present in the pre-Columbian Americas but not in the numbers and breeds suited to farm work). Although not usually food animals, the horse (including donkeys and ponies) and dog quickly filled essential production roles on western-hemisphere farms.

The potato became an important staple crop in northern Europe. Since being introduced by Portuguese in the 16th century, maize and manioc have replaced traditional African crops as the continent's most important staple food crops.

Задание 5

Напишите по-английски краткое содержание текста.

Задание 6

Напишите по-английски небольшой рассказ о фермерстве и выучите его.