Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык. 2. Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can — to be able; б) модальные глаголы, выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund - герундий, простые формы.

4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

a) Lobachevsky's geometry had revolutionized mathematics and the philosophy of science

Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение в математике и философии науки.

had revolutionized - Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize.

6) The new laboratory equipment was sent for yesterday.

 Вчера послали за новым оборудованием лаборатории.                                                          

was sent for - Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2                                                                      

1. The changes affecting the composition  of materials are called  chemical changes. Изменения, влияющие на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.

Affecting - Participle 1, определение.

2. When heated to the boiling point water evaporates. Когда воду нагревают до точки кипения, она испаряется, (или: При нагревании до точки кипения вода испаряется.)

(When) heated — Participle II, обстоятельство.

3. Heat is radiated by the Sun to the Earth. Тепло излучается Солнцем на Землю.

(Is) radiated - Participle П, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate.

ВАРИАНТ I

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Our chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.

2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.

6) 1. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.

2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle 1 и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.

2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.

3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.

4. When passing through an electroscope. X-rays cause its discharge.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.

2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.

3. Man-made satelites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce - усиливать, укреплять).

IV. Устно переведите весь текст, а абзацы 2 и 3 перепишите и переведите письменно.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Herman Helmholtz  - Герман Гельмгольц

2. celebrated — знаменитый, прославленный

3. ophthalmoscope - офтальмоскоп

4. colour-blindness - дальтонизм, неспособность глаза различать некоторые цвета

5. through - из-за, благодаря

6. vortex motion  — вихревое движение

7. versatile  — разносторонний, многосторонний

HERMAN HELMHOLTZ

1.Herman Helmholtz is celebrated for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. He early displayed a passion for understanding things, but  had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine.

2.His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the discovery of the opthalmoscope (1851), followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness. He also made fundamental contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of the human eye.

3.Helmholtz's first, and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of force. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles which were interacting through central forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included the famous paper on vortex motion (1858), and the application of the principle of least action to electrodynamical problems.

4.Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist. Apart from his work on the conservation of energy he will be remembered for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed.

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-врсменную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Today scientists are still looking for a substance as a source of energy.     2. The Mendelyeev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.

6) 1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s.

2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.

2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.

3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.

4. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.

2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.

4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyze various substances for their exact composition.

IV. Устно переведите весь текст, а абзацы 2 и 3 перепишите и переведите письменно.

Пояснения к тексту

1. honorary board — доска славы, почета

2. in compiling this — собирая все материалы и факты

3. some sixty in all - всего около шестидесяти

4. verbally — устно

D.I. MENDELYEEV

1.A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board of science at Bridgeport University, USA: Mendelyeev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses - Euclid, Archimedes, Copernicus, Galilei, Newton and Lavoisier. This was a recognition of D.I. Mendelyeev as the greatest chemist of the world.

2.D.I. Mendelyeev was born in Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother to St. Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father had also studied. In 1856 he took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry.

3.In 1868 Mendelyeev began to write a great textbook of chemistry, known in its English translation as the "Principles of Chemistry". In compiling this he tried to find some system of classifying the elements - some sixty in all then known — whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869.

4.In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if the elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendelyeev's achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.

Mendelyeev created the system of classifying chemical elements.

ВАРИАНТ 3

L Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.

2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

6) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature. 2. The launching of Sputnik1 was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2. The formula E = mc² deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.

3. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

4. Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

2. The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.

3. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

4. Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.

IV. Устно переведите весь текст, а  письменно --  2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Meitner  -  Майтнер

2. doctorate  - докторская степень

3. then available - доступные в то время

4. illustrious  - прославленный, известный

5. productive — плодотворный

LISE MEITNER

1. In 1938, an Austrian physicist named Lise Meitner announced the splitting of the atom in the laboratory. That announcement confirmed once again the beginning of the Atomic Age. At that time Lise Meitner was one of the few persons in the world who had a thorough understanding of atomic energy and the uses which could be made of this great power.

2. Lise Meitner, the daughter of a lawyer, was born in Vienna in 1878. She grew interested in science when she read of the Curies’s discovery of radium. The example of Marie Curie showed that a woman was able to achieve something in science. Lise Meitner became the first woman in the history of the University of Vienna who earned her doctorate in physics.

3. In 1906 she went to the University of Berlin to continue her studies by attending the theoretical lectures of Max Planck and by doing experimental work. There she began her research in the new field of radioactivity. She focused her attention on the behaviour of beta radiation from radioactive elements, experimenting with the primitive methods then available for measuring and analyzing radioactivity. Meitner's work in the 1920s and early 1930s emphasized the physical aspects of radioactivity.

4. In 1938 she left Germany for Sweden. Lise Meitner declined to work on the development of the atom bomb remaining in Sweden throughout the war. She was concerned with the properties of new radioactive isotopes, produced by the cyclotron. Her career was illustrious and productive (she published more than 135 scientific papers), but throughout her life she remained a shy person, with a deep interest in music. Her devotion to science had been total. She never married. In 1960 she moved to Cambridge, England, where she died in 1968.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory.

2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.

6) 1. Today many polymeric materials are produced on a massive scale.

2. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

П. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled.

2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.

3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.

4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.

III. Перепишете следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Heat can be divided into three different types.

2. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.

3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.

4. The existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а письменно --  2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Raman - Раман

2. pre-eminent - выдающийся, превосходящий других

3. the Civil Service - государственная служба

4. to appoint to a position - назначить на должность

5. to testify to — свидетельствовать о ...

6. to occupy the chair - возглавлять кафедру, заведовать кафедрой

7. brought - зд. привлек

8. to emerge — зд. проявить себя

СН. V. RAMAN  

1. Raman was an Indian physicist, pre-eminent in molecular spectroscopy and acoustics. He created the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and was its president until his death in 1970. He was justly considered as the father of Indian science and the Indian Government honoured him with the First of its National Professorships.

2. The son of a teacher and lecturer, Raman entered the College in Madras in 1903 and achieved the highest distinctions in the examinations for scientific degrees. As scientific research was at this time almost completely neglected in India, he then entered the Civil Service and was appointed to a position in the Finance Department in 1907. He retained this employment for ten years, mostly in Calcutta. When he was eighteen years old he published his first original optical research in the Philosophical Magazine. He continued scientific work in his spare time: some thirty papers testified to his ability and energy and helped to make his name familiar to scientists in Europe and America.

3. In 1917 Raman was offered the professorship of physics at the Calcutta University. He occupied the chair from 1917 to 1933. Raman brought to Calcutta many talented young Indians to undertake research into optical phenomena, acoustics and other branches of physics.

4. During the years in Calcutta Raman emerged as a truly international figure. In 1930 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him). Raman was honoured by universities and scientific institutions in the Soviet Union, Europe and America as well as in his own country.

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.

 2. Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0.002 seconds each century.

 6) 1. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons.

2. As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The cloud chamber (камера Вильсона) is one of the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.

2. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

3. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.

4. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите.

1. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.

2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.

3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.

4. To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите весь текст, а  письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Powell - Пауэлл

2. particle physics — физика элементарных частиц

3. Pugwush Conferences - Пагуошские конференции

4. were determined - были полны решимости

5. won a scholarship - получил (по конкурсу) стипендию

6. position — должность

7. sub-nuclear particle - субъядерная частица

C.F.POWELL  

1. Powell was a prominent English scientist noted for his techniques and discoveries in particle physics. He was also deeply concerned with problems relating to the social responsibility of scientists. Powell was a leader in the World Federation of Scientific Workers in the mid-1950s and was a founder of the Pugwush Conferences on Science and World Affairs in 1957. As a public man and in his published articles Powell stressed the perils of destructive weapons and the need for international cooperation.

2. Powell was born in December 1903 in England. His parents were poor and they were determined to give their children a good education to increase their opportunities for a better life. In 1921 Powell won a scholarship of one of the colleges at Cambridge which he graduated in 1925 with first-class honours in science. He started his science career at the Cavendish laboratory headed by Ernest Rutherford. After gaining his scientific degree at Cambridge in 1928 Powell accepted a position at the new Physics laboratory in the University of Bristol. Powell spent the rest of his career there advancing to professor in 1948 and director of the laboratory in 1964.

3. In 1947 Powell Bristol group identified a new particle in the cosmic radiation. Powell and other two scientists discovered the p-meson and demonstrated that this subnuclear particle was produced directly in nuclear reactions and rapidly decayed in flight, producing the m-meson. The discovery solved a complicated scientific problem and helped open a new era of particle physics.

4. Powell continued to develop and apply the photographic method of Bristol. His laboratory became the source of new experimental discoveries in meson physics and an international training centre for physicists of many countries. In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his development of the photographic method and his meson discoveries.